Kuongororwa kwenyaya dzerusarura rwevanhukadzi nevanhurume
Kusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi inyaya yemagariro evanhu inoramba ichikwezva kutariswa kwepasi rose. Munyaya iyi, dzidziso yevanhu, sekudzidza kwevanhu netsika, yakakosha pakunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemafomu, midzi, uye zvinorehwa nekusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nyaya yekusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kubva pamaonero evanhu, kuongorora kuti kusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kunoumbwa sei uye kunoshanda sei munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana, uye kuongorora kuedza kunoitwa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri.
Kunzwisisa Rusarura Rwevanhukadzi Nevakadzi
Kusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kunoreva kusaruramisira kana kusarongeka pakati pevanhu zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo kana kuti hwepabonde. Rudzi urwu rwekusarurana runogona kubva pakuregeredzwa nekushungurudzwa, kusarurana kubasa kana kuchikoro, kusvika kumhirizhonga yemuviri neyepabonde. Kusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kunowanzo bva mumaonero evanhukadzi nevanhurume anoratidza mabasa nemaitiro anofanira kuitwa nevarume nevakadzi munharaunda.
Maonero eVanhu Pamusoro Pekusarurana Kwevanhukadzi Nevakadzi
Anthropology inopa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekunzwisisa rusarura rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Nzira idzi dzinosanganisira maonero ekushanduka-shanduka, ekufananidzira, ezvinhu, uye epashure pehurongwa.
Maonero Ekushanduka-shanduka
Nzira dzekushanduka-shanduka mune zveanthropology dzinoongorora kuti mabasa evarume nevakadzi angave akakura sei sechikamu chekuchinja kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, dzidziso dzakawanda dzekushanduka-shanduka dzinoratidza kuti kusiyana kwezvisikwa pakati pevarume nevakadzi—senge kugona kubereka uye kugona kwemuviri—kwakapesvedzera kupatsanurwa kwebasa munharaunda dzekare. Zvisinei, vazhinji vezvenzvero dzevanhu vakatsoropodza nzira iyi nekuda kwekusateerera kuoma kwemagariro evanhu netsika zvinoumba kukura kwemabasa evarume nevakadzi.
Maonero Ekufananidzira
Maonero ekufananidzira mu anthropology anosimbisa kuti zviratidzo nezvirevo zvetsika zvinoumba sei maonero evanhurume nevanhukadzi uye, zvichizopesvedzera tsika dzekusarura. Semuenzaniso, mutsika dzakawanda, mifananidzo yehunhurume inowanzobatanidzwa nesimba, simba, uye kufunga, nepo hunhu hwechikadzi hunowanzobatanidzwa nehunyoro, kuzviisa pasi, uye manzwiro. Zviratidzo izvi zvinopesvedzera mabatirwo anoitwa vanhu uye maonero avanozviita ivo nevamwe.
Maonero eKunyanya Kuda Zvinhu
Maitiro ekutsvaga zvinhu anotarisa kuti hupfumi nesimba zvinopesvedzera sei hukama hwevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Karl Marx naFriedrich Engels, semuenzaniso, vakataura kuti hutongi hwevarume, kana kuti kutonga kwevarume, kwakabatana zvikuru nekukura kwenharaunda yevanhu vekirasi nepfuma yavo. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora kuti hupfumi hwemhuri, basa, uye muridzi zvinopesvedzera sei rusarura rwevanhukadzi.
Maonero ePost-structuralist
Maitiro ePoststructuralist, akafuridzirwa nebasa raMichel Foucault, anoratidza simba rinoshanduka uye riripo, uye kuti hurukuro inoumba sei hunhu hwepabonde. Judith Butler, nyanzvi yedzidziso inoshanda mukati metsika iyi, anoti hunhu hwepabonde 'hunoita,' chimwe chinhu chatinogara tichiita, pane chimwe chinhu chatinacho. Maitiro aya anobatsira kutsanangura kuchinjika uye kuvaka kwehukama hwepabonde nekusarurana.
Nyaya dzeRusaruraganda muMagariro Akasiyana-siyana
Kuti tinzwisise kuti rusarura rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi runotanga sei uye runoshanda sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, tichatarisa zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana kubva mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose.
Kusarurana Kwevanhukadzi Nevarume muIndia
MuIndia, rusaruraganda rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi rwunozviratidza mumhando dzakaoma, kusanganisira kusaenzana mukuwana dzidzo, mabasa, uye hutano. Maitiro akadai seroora (roora), kusimba kwevarume, uye kufarira vanakomana zvakakonzera kusaruramisirwa kukuru kwevakadzi. Pasinei nekuedza kwehurumende nemasangano akazvimirira kupa simba vakadzi kuburikidza nedzidzo nezvirongwa zvehupfumi, shanduko yetsika yave ichinonoka.
Kusarurana Kwevanhukadzi Nevarume muJapan
MuJapan, rusarura rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi rwakajairika munzvimbo dzebasa. Kunyangwe vakadzi vakadzidza zvakanyanya uye vane hunyanzvi, kazhinji havawani mikana yakaenzana yekuenderera mberi kana kuwana zvinzvimbo zvehutungamiriri. Mashoko akadai se "bamboo ceiling" anoshandiswa kutsanangura zvipingamupinyi zvisingaoneki zvinotadzisa kufambira mberi kwevakadzi munzvimbo dzebasa. Tsika yebasa inosimbisa maawa marefu uye kuzvipira kumakambani inoita kuti zviomere vakadzi, avo vanowanzova nebasa remabasa epamba, kukwikwidzana.
Kusarurana Kwevanhukadzi Nevarume muUnited States
MuUnited States, nyaya yekusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi inowanzobatanidzwa nenharo pamusoro pemihoro yakaenzana, kushungurudzwa pabonde, uye kumiririrwa kwevakadzi mune zvematongerwo enyika nebhizinesi. Pasinei nekufambira mberi kwakakura, kusawirirana kwemihoro yevanhurume nevanhukadzi kuchiripo, vakadzi vachiwana, paavhareji, 82% yemari inowanikwa nevarume pabasa rimwe chete. Masangano akaita seMeToo akaita basa rakakosha mukukwezva nekutarisa mhirizhonga nekushungurudzwa kwevanhukadzi.
Kusarurana Kwevanhukadzi Nevarume MuAfrica YemuSub-Saharan
Munyika dzakawanda dziri muSub-Saharan Africa, rusarura rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi runosanganisira tsika dzakadai sekucheka nhengo dzepabonde dzevakadzi (FGM), kuroorwa kwevana vachiri vadiki, uye mukana mudiki wekuwana dzidzo nehutano. Pasinei neizvi, zvirongwa zvakawanda zvemuno zviri kuedza kuchinja. Masangano epasi rose nevanotsigira zvematongerwo enyika vanoshanda kuchengetedza kodzero dzevakadzi nekusimudzira kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvedzidzo, kutsigira pamutemo, uye kupa masevhisi.
Kuedza Kukunda Rusaruraganda
Kuti pagadziriswe rusarura rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi, panofanira kuva nenzira yakazara uye ine mativi akawanda inosanganisira vanhu vakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira hurumende, masangano asiri ehurumende, nharaunda nevanhuwo zvavo.
Dzidzo neKuziva
Dzidzo inokosha pakuchinja maonero nemaitiro pamusoro pevakadzi nevarume. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvinosimudzira kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi uye kubvisa mafungiro asina kunaka evanhukadzi nevanhurume zvakakosha. Uyezve, zvirongwa zvekuzivisa veruzhinji zvakanangana nekugadzirisa tsika dzinosarura zvinogonawo kubatsira kuchinja mafungiro nemaitiro.
Mutemo neMutemo
Hurumende ine basa guru mukugadzira marongero nemitemo inotsigira kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira mitemo inorambidza rusarura munzvimbo dzebasa, kuchengetedza kodzero dzevakadzi, uye marongero anokurudzira kutora chikamu kwevakadzi mune zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Kuitwa nekusimbiswa kwemitemo iyi zvinobudirira kwakakoshawo pakuona kuti marongero aya ane simba guru.
Kusimudzira Hupfumi
Kusimudzira hupfumi kwevakadzi ndeimwe yenzira dzinoshanda zvikuru dzekuderedza rusarura rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kupa mukana wekuwana zvikwereti, kudzidziswa hunyanzvi, uye mikana yebasa. Vakadzi vane rusununguko rwemari vanokwanisa zviri nani kutaurirana nezvekodzero dzavo uye kutora chikamu munzanga.
Kutsigira uye Mafambiro Evanhu
Masangano emagariro evanhu anoita basa guru mukusimudzira shanduko yemitemo netsika. Masangano akaita sesangano revakadzi pamwe nemamwe mapurogiramu ekutsigira anobatsira kusimudzira ruzivo nekumanikidza hurumende nemasangano kuti vaite shanduko. Kubatana kwenyika dzese kunogonawo kupa rutsigiro nekumanikidza zvinodiwa kurwira kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi pasi rose.
Mhedziso
Kusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi inyaya yakaoma inoda nzira yakawanda yekunzwisisa nekugadzirisa. Maonero evanhu anopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti kusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kwakadzika sei uye kunoshanda sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana etsika. Kuburikidza nedzidzo, shanduko yemitemo, kusimbiswa kwehupfumi, uye kutsigira, tinogona kushanda kuti tive nenzanga yakarongeka uye yakaenzana pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Kurwisa kusarurana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi hakungogadzirisi hupenyu hwevakadzi chete asiwo kunounza mabhenefiti makuru munharaunda yese.
