He mate urutā iti rawa ngā huaketo, ā, ka taea anake te whakaputa uri i roto i ngā pūtau o ngā mea ora. E mōhiotia ana ngā huaketo he wāhanga nui o te pūnaha rauropi o te Ao, he maha ngā mahi a ēnei huaketo, mai i ngā mate ki ngā taputapu rangahau pūtaiao me te hangarau koiora.
Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Huaketo
Ko te hanganga, ko ngā huaketo he waikawa karihi (DNA, RNA rānei) e karapotia ana e te uhi pūmua e kiia nei ko te capsid. Ko ētahi huaketo he paparanga anō e kiia nei ko te envelopp, he mea hanga mai i ngā lipids me ngā pūmua. Kāore i ngā huaketo he whekau, he hanganga pūtau rānei e tika ana mō te pākia me te whakaputa uri motuhake. Engari, ka whakawhirinaki rātou ki ngā pūtau manaaki mō ēnei tukanga.
He tino iti ngā huaketo, mai i te 20 ki te 300 nanometer te rahi, ā, he iti ake rātou i ngā huakita me te nuinga o ngā pūtau kē atu. Nā te iti o te rahi ka taea e rātou te uru ki ngā pūtau manaaki mā roto i ngā momo tikanga.
Whakarōpūtanga Huaketo
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā huaketo i runga i ngā paearu maha, tae atu ki te momo waikawa karihi kei roto (DNA, RNA rānei), te āhua me te rahi o ō rātou kāpia, te aroaro, te ngaro rānei o tētahi kōpaki, me tā rātou rautaki whakaputa uri. Mā tēnei whakarōpūtanga ka āwhina ngā kaipūtaiao ki te tautuhi me te ako i ngā huaketo me te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga hei whakahaere i ngā mate e pā mai ana i a rātou.
Te Tūranga o ngā Huaketo i roto i ngā Mate
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi tino rongonui a ngā huaketo ko te mahi hei kaiwhakatupu mate. Ka taea e ngā huaketo te pangia te tini o ngā momo rauropi, tae atu ki te tangata, ki ngā kararehe, ki ngā tipu, tae atu ki ngā huakita (e kiia nei ko ngā bacteriophage). Ko ētahi o ngā mate e pāngia ana e ngā huaketo ko te rewharewha, te HIV/AIDS, te hepatitis, te kirika dengue, me te COVID-19.
Ina pangia ngā pūtau manaaki e ngā huaketo, ka whakamahia e rātou te mīhini pūtau o te manaaki ki te whakaputa uri. He maha ngā wā ka pakaru, ka patu rānei tēnei tukanga i ngā pūtau manaaki, ka puta ai ngā tohumate o te mate. Hei tauira, ka pangia ngā pūtau o te ara manawa e te huaketo rewharewha, ka puta ai ngā tohumate pēnei i te kirika, te mare, me te korokoro mamae. Ka whakaekea e te HIV te pūnaha ārai mate, ka waiho ngā tāngata e pāngia ana kia ngoikore ki ngā mate me ētahi atu mate.
Ngā Huaketo i roto i ngā Pūnaha Rauropi me te Whanaketanga
Haunga tō rātou tūranga hei kaikawe mate, he tūranga nui anō hoki tā ngā huaketo i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi me te whanaketanga. Ka taea e ngā huaketo te awe i ngā whanaketanga taupori me te hapori o ngā rauropi, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te whakawhiti ira i waenga i ngā momo.
I roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi, he maha ngā wā ka whakahaerehia e ngā huaketo ngā taupori moroiti mā roto i ngā mate urutā, arā, ka whakangaromia te pūtau manaaki i muri i te whakaputa uri o te huaketo. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te pupuri i te taurite o ngā taupori moroiti me te ārai i te mana o ētahi momo.
He wāhi anō tā ngā huaketo i roto i te whanaketanga mā te whakawhiti ira whakapae, arā, te tukanga e whakawhitihia ai ngā ira mai i tētahi rauropi ki tētahi atu, me te kore e whakaputa uri ā-ira. Ka taea e ngā huaketo te kawe i ngā ira mai i tētahi kaihautū ki tētahi atu, ka taea ai te rerekētanga ira me te whanaketanga o ngā momo hou. Ka kitea tēnei āhuatanga i roto i ngā huakita, ka taea e ngā bacteriophage te whakawhiti i ngā ira e whakamārama ana i te ātete ki ngā paturopi i waenga i ngā huakita, ka tere ake te whanaketanga o te ātete ki ngā paturopi.
Ngā Painga o ngā Huaketo i roto i te Pūtaiao me te Hangarau
Haunga tō rātou tūranga i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi me te whanaketanga, he nui ngā painga o ngā huaketo i roto i te pūtaiao me te hangarau. I roto i te rangahau hauora, ka whakamahia ngā huaketo hei taputapu hei ako i te mahi a ngā ira me ngā tikanga mate. Hei tauira, kua whakamahia ngā retrovirus pēnei i te HIV hei mārama ki te whakahaere ira me te huringa pūtau.
He mahi nui anō tā ngā huaketo i roto i te hangarau koiora, inā koa i roto i te whakaora ira me te hanga kano kano. Ko te whakaora ira ko te whakamahi i ngā huaketo kua whakarerekētia hei tuku i ngā ira ki ngā pūtau o te tūroro. Ka taea te hanga i ngā huaketo hei muku i ngā ira e puta ai ngā mate ira, hei whakauru rānei i ngā ira e āwhina ana ki te whawhai ki a rātou. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e te whakaora ira ngā huaketo e pā ana ki te adeno (AAV) hei rongoā i ngā mate ira pēnei i te Duchenne muscular dystrophy me te hemophilia.
I roto i te hanga kano kano, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā huaketo hei tauira mō te whakawhanake i ngā ārai mate. Ko ētahi o ngā kano kano tino angitu, pērā i te kano kano polio me te kano kano hepatitis B, i whakawhanakehia mā te whakamahi i ngā huaketo kua ngoikore, kua kore rānei e whakahohehia. Ka whakaoho ēnei kano kano i te pūnaha ārai mate kia puta he urupare ārai mate me te kore e pāngia e te mate.
Ngā Whanaketanga Hou i roto i te Virology
Kei te whanake tonu te pūtaiao o te virology me ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau me te mātauranga pūtaiao. Ko tētahi whanaketanga hou ko te whakamahinga o te hangarau CRISPR-Cas9 hei whakarerekē i ngā ira o ngā huaketo me ngā pūtau manaaki. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te tapahi me te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga motuhake o te DNA, ka whakatuwhera i ngā whai wāhitanga hou mō te rongoā ira me te rangahau mate.
Hei tāpiri atu, kua akiakihia e te mate urutā COVID-19 te rangahau nui ki te whakawhanaketanga o ngā kano ārai mate me ngā maimoatanga ārai mate. Ko ngā kano ārai mate mRNA, pērā i ngā mea i whakawhanakehia e Pfizer-BioNTech me Moderna, he putanga nui e whakamahi ana i te hangarau ira hei whakaputa i tētahi urupare ārai mate pakari me te whai hua. Kua whakapai ake hoki tēnei rangahau i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga o te huaketo me ōna taunekeneke ki te pūnaha ārai mate.
Ngā Wero i roto i te Whakahaere Huakita
Ahakoa te nui o ngā ahunga whakamua, he wero nui tonu te whakahaere i te huaketo. Ko tētahi wero nui ko te tere o te whanaketanga o te huaketo, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā momo hou he kaha ake te hopu, he ātete rānei ki ngā kano kano me ngā rongoā. Ka puta noa ēnei whakarerekētanga ira i te wā e whakaputa uri ana te huaketo, ā, ka taea te whakatairanga mā roto i ngā pēhanga whiriwhiri, pērā i te whakamahinga o ngā rongoā ārai huaketo, te kano kano nui rānei.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko ngā huaketo ka pangia e ngā momo maha, pērā i ngā huaketo rewharewha me ngā coronavirus, he tino mōrearea ki te hauora o te tangata me te kararehe. Ko te whakawhiti huaketo i waenga i ngā momo (zoonosis) ka arahi pea ki ngā pakarutanga mate hou, e kitea ana i roto i te mate urutā COVID-19, i ahu mai i te huaketo SARS-CoV-2.
Hei whakatika i ēnei wero, me whai huarahi maha-mātauranga e uru ana ngā kaipūtaiao, ngā kaimahi hauora, ngā kāwanatanga, me te marea. Kei roto i tēnei huarahi te tirotiro i ngā mate, te whakawhanake i ngā kano kano me ngā rongoā hou, me te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa here hauora tūmatanui whai hua.
Whakamutunga
He kaikawe mate ngā huaketo, he maha ngā mahi a ēnei huaketo i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi me te pūtaiao. Ahakoa e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko rātou ngā take o te mate, ka whai wāhi anō hoki ngā huaketo ki te whanaketanga o te ao, ā, he nui ā rātou tono ki te rangahau me te hangarau koiora. Mā ngā whanaketanga o te virology me te hangarau ka puta he tumanako hou ki te whakahaere me te whakamahi i ngā huaketo hei painga mō te tangata. Heoi, ko ngā wero o te whakahaere huaketo me whai mahi tahi ā-ao me ngā huarahi auaha hei tiaki i te hauora o te tangata me te taiao.
