Ngā Ine o te Iarere Matua: Te Hiranga o te Māramatanga i roto i te Tātari Raraunga
I roto i ngā momo mara pūtaiao, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā raraunga hei tūāpapa mō te whakatau tika me te whai whakaaro. Ko tētahi ariā matua i roto i te tātari raraunga ko ngā ine o te ia matua. Mā ngā ine o te ia matua ka puta he whakaaro whānui mō te wāhi o te pokapū o te tohatoha raraunga. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ine o te ia matua, he aha i hiranga ai, me pēhea hoki te whakamahinga i roto i te mahi.
Te Mārama ki ngā Mahi Whakapūmau
Ko te ine o te ia matua e pā ana ki tētahi uara e tohu ana i te pūwāhi waenga, i te "pokapū" rānei o tētahi huinga raraunga. He maha ngā ine o te ia matua e whakamahia whānuitia ana, tae atu ki te toharite, te tau waenga, me te aratau. He painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga, i runga i te āhua o ngā raraunga e tātarihia ana.
Toharite (Toharite)
Ko te toharite tētahi o ngā mehua e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te ia matua. Ka tatauhia mā te tāpiri i ngā uara katoa i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga, kātahi ka wehewehea mā te maha o ngā uara. Ko te tātai whānui mō te toharite ko:
\[
\text{Toharite} (\mu) = \frac{\tapeke x_i}{N}
\]
ko \( \sum x_i \) te tapeke o ngā uara katoa i roto i te huinga raraunga, ā, ko \( N \) te maha o ngā uara, ngā kitenga rānei.
Ngā Painga me ngā Huakore o te Toharite
– Ngā Painga: He māmā te tatau me te mārama ki te toharite. Ka whakamahia e ia ngā raraunga katoa e wātea ana, ā, ka aro atu ki ngā huringa o ia uara raraunga.
– Ngā Huakore: Nā te mea ka whakaarohia ngā raraunga katoa e te toharite, ka tino pāngia ia e ngā uara o waho (ngā uara e tino rerekē ana i ētahi atu). Ka taea e ngā uara o waho te neke i te toharite ki runga ake, ki raro iho rānei i te pokapū tūturu o ngā raraunga.
Median
Ko te tau waenga ko te uara waenga i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga ina whakarōpūhia ngā raraunga i te raupapa piki, i te raupapa heke rānei. Mena he tauhou te maha o ngā kitenga, ko te tau waenga te uara waenga tuturu. Mena he taurite te maha o ngā kitenga, ko te tau waenga te toharite o ngā uara waenga e rua. Hei tatau i te tau waenga, whakarōpūhia ngā raraunga ka whakatau i te uara waenga.
Ngā Painga me ngā Huakore o te Waenganui
– Ngā Painga: Kāore te tau waenga e pāngia e ngā tau o waho pērā i te toharite. Mā tēnei ka puta he pikitia tika ake o te pokapū o te tohatoha kei roto ngā tau o waho.
– Ngā Huakore: Kāore te tau waenga e whakamahi i ngā raraunga katoa o te kohinga, engari ko ngā raraunga kei waenganui anake. Ka taea e tēnei te kore e aro ki ngā rerekētanga nui o ngā raraunga.
Huatau
Ko te aratau te uara, ngā uara rānei e puta pinepine ana i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. Kāore e taea e tētahi huinga raraunga te whai aratau (mēnā he rite te auau o ngā uara katoa), kotahi te aratau (unimodal), neke atu rānei i te kotahi te aratau (bimodal, multimodal rānei).
Ngā Painga me ngā Huakore o te Aratau
– Ngā Painga: He tino whai hua te aratau i roto i ngā raraunga kāwai ina hiahia tātou ki te mōhio ko tēhea kāwai te mea tino noa.
– Ngā Huakore: Kāore pea te aratau e whakarato i tētahi pikitia matua mō ngā raraunga tau, ina koa mēnā he whānui te horapa o ngā raraunga me ngā auau tata ōrite.
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Mahi Whakapūmau i roto i ngā Marae Rerekē
Ngā Tatauranga Whakaahuatanga
I roto i ngā tatauranga whakaahua, he mea nui ngā ine o te ia matua mō te tātari raraunga. Ka āwhina te toharite, te tau waenga, me te aratau ki te whakarāpopoto, ki te whakaahua rānei i ngā āhuatanga matua o tētahi huinga raraunga nui ki roto i tētahi tau kotahi e tohu ana i te pūwāhi matua.
ōhanga
I roto i te ōhanga, ka whakamahia te toharite hei tatau i te whiwhinga moni toharite, i te whakapaunga toharite rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te tau waenga i roto i te tātaritanga tohatoha whiwhinga moni nā te mea ka whakaitihia te awe o ngā uara tino nui. Hei tauira, kāore pea te whiwhinga moni toharite o tētahi rohe e whakarato i tētahi pikitia tika mena he tino teitei ngā whiwhinga moni a ētahi tāngata. Mā te whiwhinga moni waenga ka whakarato i tētahi uara e whakaatu ana i te āhuatanga tuturu.
Hauora
I roto i ngā rangahau hauora, ka taea e ngā inenga o te ia matua te āwhina i te tautuhi i te uara toharite o ngā taurangi pēnei i te toto totoka, ngā taumata cholesterol, te pakeke rānei o te tūroro. Ka taea e te toharite te āwhina i te mārama ki te toharite o tētahi inenga, ko te tau waenga ia ka taea te whakamahi hei whakatairite i ngā rōpū tūroro rerekē, inā koa mēnā he uara tino nui kei roto i ngā raraunga ka pā ki te toharite.
Akoranga
I roto i te mātauranga, ka taea te whakamahi i te toharite o ngā māka a ngā ākonga hei aromatawai i te mahi whānui o te akomanga. Heoi, ki te mea he rerekētanga nui kei roto i ngā māka a ngā ākonga, ka taea e te tau waenga te whakarato i tētahi whakaaturanga tika ake o te mahi a te nuinga o ngā ākonga i roto i te akomanga.
Te Kōwhiri i te Rahi Pokapū Tika
Ko te whiriwhiri i te ine tika mō te ia matua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua o ngā raraunga me te kaupapa o te tātari. Anei ētahi aratohu whānui:
1. Mena he ōrite te raraunga, kāore he mea o waho: Ko te toharite te tohu tika i te nuinga o te wā.
2. Mena he rerekē ngā raraunga, he koretake rānei te tohatoha: He pai ake te whakamahi i te tau waenga.
3. Mō ngā raraunga kāwai: Ko te aratau te mehua tino whai kōrero.
Te Whakapai Ake i te Māramatanga mā te Whakaaturanga Raraunga
Haunga te tatau i ngā inenga o te ia matua, ka taea e ngā whakaaturanga raraunga pēnei i ngā histogram, ngā pouaka kauwhata, ngā kauwhata kiato kernel rānei te āwhina i te mārama ake ki te tohatoha raraunga. Ka āwhina ēnei whakaaturanga ki te whakaatu i te āhua o te tohatoha o ngā raraunga me te mea he rerekētanga nui, he piko rānei.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā inenga o te ia matua he ariā taketake i roto i te tātari raraunga e āwhina ana ki te whakarāpopoto me te mārama ki te tohatoha raraunga. He mahi nui tā te toharite, te tau waenga, me te aratau i runga i ngā āhuatanga o ngā raraunga e tātarihia ana. Mā te whiriwhiri i te inenga tika o te ia matua ka whakapai ake i te tika o te tātari me te whakatau kaupapa i roto i ngā mara maha, tae atu ki ngā tatauranga whakaahua, te ōhanga, te hauora, me te mātauranga. He mahi nui anō hoki tā te whakaaturanga raraunga ki te whakapai ake i te māramatanga o te tohatoha raraunga me te tautoko i ngā kitenga mai i ngā inenga o te ia matua. Mā te mārama pai ki ngā inenga o te ia matua, ka taea e ngā kaitātari raraunga te whakarato i ngā māramatanga tika me te whai hua i roto i ngā horopaki tono maha.
