Te Ariā o te Whanaketanga i Muri i a Darwin: Ngā Whanaketanga me ngā Auahatanga i roto i te Māramatanga ki te Whanaketanga
Pendahuluan
Ko te ariā o te whanaketanga tētahi o ngā ariā pūtaiao tino nui e whakamārama ana i te āhua o te hurihanga me te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te Ao i roto i te wā. I roto i tana mahi o te tau 1859 "On the Origin of Species," i whakaurua e Charles Darwin te ariā o te kōwhiringa taiao hei tikanga matua o te whanaketanga. Ahakoa ko tēnei ariā tonu te tūāpapa matua o te ariā whanaketanga, kua whānui ake, kua hōhonu ake hoki te māramatanga o te rangahau i roto i te rautau mai i tōna whakaputanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whanaketanga nui i roto i te ariā whanaketanga i muri i te wā o Darwin, tae atu ki te whakahiatotanga hou, te ira tangata taupori, me ētahi atu kitenga hou kua tāpirihia he āhuatanga hou, kua whakarei ake hoki i te ariā whanaketanga.
Te Hanganga Hou
Ko te Hanganga Hou tētahi o ngā whanaketanga tino nui o te ariā whanaketanga i muri i te wā o Darwin, i puta i te tīmatanga ki waenganui o te rautau 20. E pā ana ki ngā mahi ki te whakauru i ngā mātāpono o Darwin mō te kōwhiringa taiao me ngā ira Mendelian. Ahakoa i mahi tahi a Gregor Mendel me Darwin i te wā kotahi, i kitea e ia ngā mātāpono o te ira tuku iho e whakamārama ana i te tukunga o ngā āhuatanga mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. I te tīmatanga, kāore i tino arohia ngā kitenga a Mendel. Heoi, i te mutunga ka whakamahia te ariā ira a Mendel hei whakapakari ake, hei tāpiri atu hoki i te tikanga kōwhiringa taiao a Darwin.
Ka honoa e te Modern Synthesis ngā momo mātauranga maha, tae atu ki te paleontology, te pūnaha, me te ira taupori, hei tūāpapa mō tō tātou māramatanga hou ki te whanaketanga. E whakanui ana tēnei ariā ka puta te whanaketanga mā roto i ngā huringa o ngā auau ira i roto i te taupori mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Ka awehia tēnei tukanga huringa e ētahi tikanga, tae atu ki te kōwhiringa taiao, te whakarerekētanga ira, te rere o te ira, me te nekenekehanga ira.
Ngā Ira Tangata
Ko te ira tangata he mara ako e ako ana i te tohatoha me ngā huringa o ngā auau ira i roto i ngā taupori. Kua whakaratohia e ngā rangahau i roto i tēnei mara he māramatanga hohonu ki te whai wāhi a ngā tikanga ira ki te whanaketanga. Ko ngā paionia pērā i a Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, me Sewall Wright he mahi nui ki te whakawhanake i ngā ariā pāngarau e whakaahua ana i ngā whanaketanga o te huringa ira i roto i ngā taupori.
Ko tētahi ariā nui i roto i te ira tangata ko te nekeneke ira, e pā ana ki ngā huringa matapōkere o ngā auau ira mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga, ka pā nui pea ēnei ki ngā taupori iti. Ko te nekeneke ira, me te kōwhiringa taiao, te whakarerekētanga ira, me te rere o te ira, he pou matua ki te mārama ki te whanaketanga moroiti, arā, ngā huringa e puta ana i te taumata ira.
Te Whanaketanga o te Ngota
I te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te mātauranga, kua kite tātou i te putanga mai o te whanaketanga ngota hei mara motuhake, e ako ana i te whānuitanga o ngā huringa ira i te taumata ngota. Nā Motoo Kimura i ārahi te ariā o te koretake o te ngota, e kī ana ko te nuinga o ngā huringa ira i te taumata ngota he koretake, arā, kāore e hoatu he painga whiriwhiri, he ngoikoretanga rānei.
Nā tēnei ariā i whakauru mai te ariā nui, ahakoa he wāhi nui tā te kōwhiringa taiao i roto i ngā huringa urutau, he nui ngā huringa ira ka puta mai i te nekenekehanga ira me ngā whakarerekētanga kūpapa. Ka tāpirihia e tēnei he taha hou ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te pupuri i te rerekētanga ira i roto i ngā taupori me te whanaketanga whānui.
Evo-Devo me te Epigenetics
Ko tētahi atu mara hou i roto i ngā rangahau whanaketanga ko te whanaketanga whanaketanga, ko te "evo-devo" rānei. Ka rangahau a Evo-devo i te āhua o ngā panonitanga o te whakahaere ira i te wā o te whanaketanga o tētahi rauropi ka arahi ki ngā rerekētanga nui o te āhua. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau i tēnei mara ko ngā panonitanga iti o ngā ira whakahaere whanaketanga ka arahi ki ngā rerekētanga nui o te hanganga tinana me ngā tauira whanaketanga i waenga i ngā momo.
Hei tāpiri atu, kua tāpirihia e te epigenetics tētahi tirohanga hou ki te ariā whanaketanga. Ka rangahau te epigenetics i ngā huringa phenotypic ehara i te mea nā ngā huringa o te raupapa DNA i puta, engari nā ngā whakarerekētanga epigenetic pērā i te methylation DNA me ngā whakarerekētanga histone. Ka taea e ngā tikanga epigenetic te whai wāhi nui ki te urutau me te urupare poto ki ngā huringa taiao, ā, ka taea te tuku iho i roto i ngā whakatipuranga.
Te Huringa Ira me te Whanaketanga
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau raupapatanga ira kua whakatakoto i te ara mō te hurihanga ira i roto i te koiora whanaketanga. Mā te tātari ira ka taea e ngā kairangahau te tautuhi i ngā tauira motuhake o te rerekētanga ira puta noa i ngā ira me te whai i te hītori whanaketanga o ngā rauropi me te taipitopito atu. Kua whakakitea hoki e ngā rangahau ira te hiranga o te whakawhiti ira whakapae, inā koa i waenga i ngā moroiti, e wero ana i te tirohanga tuku iho o te rākau ora raina.
E whakaatu ana tēnei whakawhiti ira whakapae kāore te rere o te ira e herea noa ki te tukunga iho poutū mai i te mātua ki te uri, engari ka taea te puta i waenga i ngā momo rerekē, ka tāpirihia he taha hou ki te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te whanaketanga ira.
Ahurea me te Whanaketanga
Haunga ngā tikanga koiora, kua arohia hoki te ako i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whanaketanga koiora me te ahurea tangata i roto i te ariā whanaketanga hou. E whai whakaaro ana te ariā o te whanaketanga ahurea ki te tuku iho me te whakawhanake i ngā auahatanga, te reo, te hangarau, me ngā mahi pāpori i roto i ngā taupori tangata, ā, ka pāngia e ēnei te whanaketanga koiora tangata.
Hei tauira, ko te kaha ki te nakunaku i te lactose i roto i ngā pakeke o ētahi taupori tangata e whakaarohia ana he urutaunga koiora i puta mai i ngā pēhanga whiriwhiri mai i ngā ahurea ahuwhenua i whakawhirinaki ki te miraka hei puna kai.
Whakamutunga
Kua tere te whānui haere o te ariā whanaketanga i muri i te wā o Darwin, ā, kua kapi i te whānuitanga o ngā mara me ngā tikanga kāore i whakaarohia e Darwin. Mai i te whakahiatotanga hou me te ira tangata ki te whanaketanga ngota, te evo-devo, te epigenetics, te genomics, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whanaketanga koiora me te ahurea, ka tukuna e te ariā whanaketanga i ēnei rā he māramatanga taipitopito me te hihiri mō te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te Ao.
Ehara i te mea ka whakakaha noa iho ēnei whanaketanga i ngā turanga o te ariā whanaketanga engari ka whakatuwhera hoki i ngā huarahi mō te tūhuratanga atu i ngā takenga mai me te kanorau o te ora. Mā te whakauru tonu i ngā kitenga hou mai i ngā momo marautanga, ka taea e tātou te tumanako ka hohonu ake ngā māramatanga ki ngā tukanga whakamiharo e hanga ana i te ora i runga i tō tātou ao. Ka noho tonu te ariā whanaketanga hei turanga matua mō te koiora me ngā pūtaiao ora, hei āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hītori, ki te whakatere i te ao o nāianei, me te matapae i tētahi heke mai e huri haere ana.
