Taitara: Te Mārama ki te Ariā o te Whanaketanga a Lamarck: He Arotake Hōhonu
Pendahuluan
Ko te ariā o te whanaketanga tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake o te koiora, e whakaahua ana i ngā huringa o ngā mea ora i roto i te wā. Ahakoa e kiia ana a Charles Darwin ko te "matua o te whanaketanga," neke atu i te haurua rautau i mua i te whakaputanga a Darwin i tana mahi, i whakaarohia e te kaipūtaiao Wīwī ko Jean-Baptiste Lamarck tana ake ariā mō te whanaketanga. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tirohia hohonutia e tātou te ariā o Lamarck mō te whanaketanga, āna takoha ki te pūtaiao, me te take, ahakoa i whakakapia e te ariā o Darwin mō te whanaketanga, e tika ana kia akohia tonutia ana whakaaro.
He Kōrero Poto mō Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
I whānau mai a Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck, i te 1 o Ākuhata, 1744, i Bazentin, Wīwī. I tīmata tana mahi i roto i te ope taua tae noa ki te wā i akiakihia ai ia e tōna hauora kia whakarērea. Kātahi ka tahuri a Lamarck ki te pūtaiao taiao, ā, ka noho hei tino tangata i te Whare Taonga Hītori Taiao o Wīwī. I a ia e ora ana, i tuhi a Lamarck i ētahi mahi nui, ā, i takoha nui ki ngā momo mara, tae atu ki te pūtaiao tipu, te whakarōpūtanga, me te pūtaiao paleontology.
Te Pūtake o te Ariā o te Whanaketanga a Lamarck
I te tau 1809, i whakatakotoria tuatahitia te ariā o Lamarck mō te whanaketanga, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te "transformism" me te "Lamarckism" rānei, i roto i tana pukapuka "Philosophie Zoologique". E rua ngā mātāpono matua i whakatakotoria e Lamarck i roto i tana ariā:
1. Ture Whakamahi me te Ture Whakakore: I whakapono a Lamarck ka whanake, ka kaha ake ngā okana, ngā āhuatanga rānei e whakamahia pinepinetia ana e te tangata, engari ka ngoikore, ka ngaro pea ngā okana, ngā āhuatanga rānei kāore i te whakamahia pinepinetia.
2. Te Tuku Iho o ngā Āhuatanga i Whiwhi: I tautohe a Lamarck ko ngā āhuatanga i whiwhihia e te tangata i a ia e ora ana ka tukuna ki āna uri. Hei tauira, i tautohe ia he roa ngā kaki o ngā karāpī nā te mea i totoro tonu ō rātou tūpuna i ō rātou kaki kia tae atu ki ngā rau o ngā rākau teitei.
Ko tētahi tauira noa e whakamahia ana hei whakamārama i te whakapono Lamarckism ko te whanaketanga o ngā kaki roa i roto i ngā karāpī. E ai ki a Lamarck, i a ngā karāpī e ngana tonu ana ki te toro atu ki ngā rau teitei, ka roa haere ō rātou kaki i roto i ngā whakatipuranga maha.
Te Whakahē me te Tautohe
Ahakoa ko Lamarck te paionia i te whakatairanga i te ariā ka taea e ngā momo te huri i roto i te wā, kua tino whakahēngia tana ariā, inā koa mō te tukunga iho o ngā āhuatanga kua riro mai. I te taenga mai o ngā ira hou, kua whakahēngia te whakaaro he mea tuku iho ngā āhuatanga kua riro mai. Kāore te tikanga tukunga iho a Lamarck i ahu mai i ngā taunakitanga ira e mōhiotia ana e tātou ināianei ko te mea whakatau i muri i te whanaketanga.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kua whakahēngia te ariā o te whakamahinga me te kore whakamahinga mō te kore e whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga whanaketanga uaua ake. Hei tauira, kāore e ngaro katoa ngā okana kāore e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakatipuranga, ā, kāore hoki e kaha ake, e kaha ake rānei ngā okana e whakamahia ana.
Te Tūranga o te Ariā a Lamarck i roto i te Hītori o te Koiora
Ahakoa i whakahēngia te nuinga o ana ariā i muri mai, e kiia tonu ana a Lamarck he paionia nui i roto i te mara o te koiora whanaketanga. He mea hou tana maia ki te kī ka taea e ngā momo te huri i tōna wā. I mua i a Lamarck, ko te tirohanga whānui ko ngā momo he pumau, kāore i rerekē mai i tō rātou hanganga.
Nā te ariā a Lamarck anō hoki i akiaki ētahi atu kaipūtaiao ki te whakaaro mō ngā tikanga whanaketanga, ā, i te mutunga iho ka puta te ariā a Charles Darwin mō te kōwhiringa taiao. Ahakoa i whakahē a Darwin ki te tikanga tuku iho a Lamarck, i whakaae ia ki te hiranga o Lamarck ki te tīmata i te tautohetohe mō te whanaketanga.
Te Awe Toenga o te Lamarckism
He mea whakamīharo, ko te ariā a Lamarck mō te "awe taiao" ki ngā āhuatanga he rite tonu ki ētahi rangahau hou i roto i te koiora, inā koa ko te epigenetics. Ahakoa he rerekē i tā Lamarck, e kī ana te epigenetics ka taea e te taiao te awe i te whakaaturanga ira me te kore e whakarerekē i te raupapa DNA, ā, ko ētahi o ēnei huringa ka taea te tuku iho. Heoi, he tino uaua ake tēnei tikanga i te ariā a Lamarck mō te tuku iho tika.
Whakamutunga
Ahakoa ōna hapa, he nui te takoha a te ariā a Lamarck mō te whanaketanga ki te hītori o te pūtaiao. He tangata whakaaro toa a Lamarck i pana i ngā rohe o te mātauranga o tōna wā. Ahakoa i rahua ia ki te whakamārama tika i ngā tikanga o te whanaketanga, i whakatakoto ia i te ara mō ētahi atu ki te tūhura i ngā pātai mō te takenga mai me te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te Ao.
Mā te ako mai i te hītori o te pūtaiao, pērā i te ariā whanaketanga a Lamarck, ka pai ake te māramatanga ki te whanaketanga o te mātauranga, me te huarahi e taea ai e ngā hapa pūtaiao te whakatakoto huarahi mō ngā kitenga hou, tika ake. E whakaako ana te whakapono Lamarckism i a tātou ko te tuwhera ki ngā whakaaro hou, ahakoa ehara i te mea he tika katoa, he taahiraa nui i roto i te rapu i te pono pūtaiao.
