Te Putanga Mai me te Whanaketanga o te Buddhism
Pengantar
Ko te Buddhism tētahi o ngā whakapono nui o te ao, i ahu mai i Īnia onamata, i te rautau 6 ki te 5 BC. E mōhiotia ana mō āna whakaakoranga mō te mamae me te ara ki te māramatanga, ā, kua awe i te miriona tāngata mai i ngā momo ahurea me ngā momo whenua. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te putanga mai me te whanaketanga o te Buddhism mai i ōna rā tuatahi ki tōna horapa puta noa i te ao.
Papamuri ki te Putanga Mai o te Buddhism
Ko te pūtake o te whakapono Puta i roto i te oranga me ngā whakaakoranga a Siddhartha Gautama, i mōhiotia i muri mai ko te Buddha. I whānau a Siddhartha Gautama i Kapilavastu, he kingitanga iti i roto i te whenua e kiia nei ko Nepōra i ēnei rā, i te tau 563 BC pea. I whānau ia ki roto i tētahi whānau rangatira, te tama a Kingi Sudhodana rāua ko Kuini Maya. E ai ki ngā kōrero i roto i tētahi poropititanga ka noho a Siddhartha hei kingi nui, hei tangata whakahihi nui rānei.
Nā te mamae i kitea e ia i te ao—te koroheketanga, te mate, te mate, me te noho hei tangata noho pōuri—i whakarērea e Siddhartha tōna oranga rangatira i te 29 o ōna tau ki te rapu māramatanga me ngā whakautu ki tōna mamae. Whai muri i ngā tau e ono o te rapu, mā roto i ngā momo mahi whakatā me te whakaaroaro, ka tae a Siddhartha ki te māramatanga i Bodh Gaya, i raro i te rākau Bodhi. I tēnei wā, ka riro ia hei Buddha, te "Tangata Māramatanga."
Buddhism
Ko ngā whakaakoranga a te Buddha e mōhiotia ana ko te Dharma, kei roto ko ngā pono rangatira e whā (Catur Aryasatya) me te ara rangatira e waru (Astangika Marga). Ko ngā pono rangatira e whā ko:
1. Dukkha: Kei te ora te mamae. Ko ngā mea katoa e puta ana, e rerekē ana, e ngaro ana, he pūtake mamae.
2. Samudaya: Ko te take o te mamae ko te hiahia nui, te apo, te mauahara me te kuware.
3. Nirodha: Ka taea te whakamutu i te mamae mā te whakakore i te hiahia me te hiahia.
4. Māka: Ko te ara ki te mutunga o te mamae ko te ara rangatira e waru ngā ara, arā, te māramatanga tika, te whakaaro tika, te kōrero tika, te mahi tika, te oranga tika, te whakapau kaha tika, te aro tika, me te arotahi tika.
I tua atu, i whakaakona hoki e te Buddha ngā ariā o te kore tutu (Ahimsa), te karma, me te whānautanga anō. I roto i ēnei whakaakoranga, e herea ana ngā mea ora katoa e te ture o te karma—ka pāngia ngā oranga o nāianei me ngā oranga o muri mai e ngā mahi pai me ngā mahi kino.
Te Whanaketanga Tōmua o te Buddhism
I muri i te whiwhinga i te māramatanga, ka tīmata te Buddha ki te whakaako i ana whakaakoranga ki ētahi atu. I hoatu te whakaakoranga tuatahi a te Buddha i te Deer Park i Sarnath, e tata ana ki Benares (ināianei ko Varanasi), ki te tokorima o ana hoa puremu o mua. E mōhiotia ana tēnei huihuinga ko te "Tahuritanga o te Wira o Dharma" tuatahi.
Mō ngā tau 45 i muri mai, ka haereere te Buddha puta noa i te raki o Īnia, ka horahia te Dharma. I whakatūria e ia tētahi hapori mōneka (te Sangha), he tāne, he wāhine i whakarērea te ao kia whai i te ara o te Buddha. I muri i te matenga o te Buddha i te tau 483 BCE, ka haere tonu te Sangha ki te hora i ngā whakaakoranga.
Te horapa ki te Rohe o Āhia
I tīmata te horapa o te whakapono Puta i muri i te matenga o te Puta. Ko Kingi Ashoka o te Whare Mauryan tētahi o ngā tino tangata i horapa ai te whakapono. I a ia e noho ana i waenganui i te tau 268 ki te 232 BC, he rangatira nui a Ashoka i tahuri ki te whakapono Puta i muri i te mamae o te pakanga. I tautoko a Ashoka i te hanganga o ngā stupa (ngā tohu whakamaumaharatanga Puta) me ngā vihara (ngā whare mōneka), ā, i tukuna e ia ngā mihinare ki ngā wāhi rerekē o Īnia me tāwāhi, tae atu ki a Sri Lanka, Āhia Waenganui, me Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti.
I Sri Lanka, i kawea mai e te mōneka Mahinda, tama a Ashoka, te whakapono Puta i te rautau 3 BC. I reira, ka noho te whakapono Puta hei wāhanga nui o te ahurea me te oranga whakapono. Mai i Sri Lanka, ka horapa te whakapono Puta Theravada ki Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Laos, me Cambodia.
I taua wā tonu, i whanake te Mahayana Buddhism ki te raki o Īnia, ā, i horapa ki Āhia Waenganui, Haina, Kōrea, me Hapani mā te Ara Hiraka. I tāpirihia e Mahayana ētahi āhuatanga hou ki te Buddhism, pērā i te ariā o te Bodhisattva, he mea e whakaroa ana i te nirvana hei āwhina i ētahi atu kia whiwhi i te māramatanga.
Te Buddhism i Haina me Hapani
I tae tuatahi mai te whakapono Puta ki Haina i te rautau tuatahi o te tau mā roto i ngā kaihokohoko me ngā mōneka. He mahi nui tā te Whare Ariki o Han ki te Rawhiti ki te tautoko i te whakapono Puta. Nā ngā whakamāoritanga o ngā tuhinga Puta ki te reo Hainamana me ngā whakaakoranga a ngā mōneka rongonui pērā i a Kumārajīva i āwhina te whakatipu i te whakapono Puta ki Haina. I tupu pai ngā whakapono Mahayana pērā i a Chan (Zen) me Tantrayana ki reira.
Mai i Haina, ka horapa te whakapono Puta ki Korea me Hapani. I Hapani, i awhihia te whakapono Puta ki te rautau 6 AD, ā, ka noho hei wāhanga nui o te ahurea Hapanihi. I puta ake ngā whakapono pērā i a Zen me Jodo Shinshu, ā, i urutau ki ngā tikanga tuku iho a Hapanihi.
Buddhism i Tibet
I Tibet, ka tīmata te horapa o te whakapono Puta i te rautau 7 AD i te marenatanga o Kingi Songtsen Gampo ki ngā rangatira wahine tokorua nō Nepōra me Haina, nā rāua i kawe mai ngā awe o te whakapono Puta. I tino awehia te whakapono Puta o Tibet e ngā tikanga Tantric, Vajrayana rānei, ā, i konatunatua hoki ki te whakapono taketake o Bön o Tibet. Ko te Dalai Lama te kaiārahi wairua me te tōrangapū matua o Tibet.
Te Whakahekenga me te Whakaoranga
I te horapa o te Hinitū me te Ihirama ki te whenua iti o Īnia, ka tīmata te memeha haere o te awe o te Puta ki tōna whenua tūturu. He maha ngā whakamaharatanga me ngā whare mōneka i whakangaromia e ngā whakaekenga a te Ihirama me ngā huringa tōrangapū i Īnia i muri i te rautau 11 CE. Heoi, i ora tonu te Puta, ā, i tupu haere i te Rawhiti me te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia.
I ngā rautau 19 me te 20, ka tīmata te hiahia hou o te Hauāuru ki te whakapono Puta. Ka tīmata ngā tohunga o te Hauāuru ki te ako hohonu ake i ngā whakaakoranga a te Puta, ā, ka tīmata ngā tohunga o te Rawhiti pērā i a D.T. Suzuki rāua ko Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche ki te whakaako i te Dharma ki te United States me Ūropi. Nā ngā tirohanga a te Puta mō te whakaaroaro, te aro nui, me te māramatanga kua whakaaweawe i te tini o te tangata huri noa i te ao.
Whakamutunga
Mai i tōna tīmatanga iti i Inia tawhito ki tōna horapa whānui puta noa i te ao, kua whakaatu te whakapono Puta i tōna manawanui hei tetahi o ngā whakapono me ngā rapunga whakaaro nui o te tangata. Mā te whai i te māramatanga, te rangimārie, me te māramatanga hohonu ki te ora me te mamae, kei te whakaaweawe tonu ngā whakaakoranga a te Puta i te miriona. I roto i te ao e huri haere tonu ana, kei te whai tikanga tonu te karere a te Puta mō te aroha, te whakaaro nui, me te ara waenga ki te tangata katoa.
