Te Pakanga o Korea me tōna Pānga ki ngā Hononga ā-Ao
Ko te Pakanga Kōrea (1950–1953) tētahi o ngā pakanga tino nui o te wā o te Pakanga Matao. Ahakoa e kiia ana ko te "pakanga kua warewarehia" nā te iti o te rongonui i rite ki te Pakanga o Vietnam, ki te Raruraru Pēra rānei o Cuba, he nui tōna pānga ki ngā whanaungatanga o te ao, ā, kei te mau tonu ki tēnei rā. Ehara i te mea he pakanga ā-iwi noa iho i te Penetānia o Kōrea, engari he taupatupatu pānga i waenganui i ngā mana nui—te Hononga o Amerika, te Uniana Sōviete, me Haina—nāna i hanga te tauira o ngā hononga, te rautaki hōia, me te hanganga haumarutanga o te ao i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.
Papamuri: Kua Wehewehea te Tai Tokerau o Korea
I muri i te tukunga a Hapani i te tau 1945, i wehea a Korea, i raro i te mana o Hapani i mua, i te taha o te 38 o ngā awaawa. Nā te Uniana Sōviete te rohe raki i whakahaere, ā, nā te Hononga o Amerika te rohe tonga i whakahaere. I rahua ngā mahere tuatahi mō tētahi kāwanatanga Kōrea kotahi nā te tipu haere o ngā taupatupatu whakaaro i waenganui i ngā poraka Hauāuru me ngā poraka Kōmiuniti. I te tau 1948, i whakatūria ngā whenua e rua: ko te Repupiripia o Kōrea (Korea ki te Tonga) i raro i a Syngman Rhee me te Repupiripia Manapori o Kōrea (Korea ki te Raki) i raro i a Kim Il-sung.
Nā tēnei wehewehenga tōrangapū i hanga he āhuatanga tino ngoikore. I kī ngā kaiārahi e rua kei a rāua te mana whakahaere mō te katoa o te Tai Tokerau o Korea, ā, ka noho te rohe hei wāhi mō ngā pakanga iti a ngā pū. I waenganui i te Pakanga Matao, ka noho a Korea hei rārangi mua o te pakanga mō te awe o te ao.
Te Ara o te Pakanga: Ka Huri te Pakanga ā-Rohe hei Pakanga o te Ao
I te 25 o Hune, 1950, ka whakarewahia e Kōrea-ki-te-Raki tētahi whakaekenga nui ki Kōrea-ki-te-Tonga. I roto i te wā poto, ka panaia ngā hōia o Kōrea-ki-te-Tonga ki te rohe o Pusan. I te kitenga o te Hononga o Amerika i te whakaekenga hei whakawhānui i te kōmiuniti, ka akiaki i te urupare tere mā roto i te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua (UN). I paahitia e te Kaunihera Haumarutanga o te UN tētahi whakataunga e whakahē ana i te whakaekenga a Kōrea-ki-te-Raki me te tautoko i te hanganga o tētahi ope taua ao whānui i raro i te mana whakahaere o Amerika.
I puta te whakatau a te UN nā te mea i ārai te Uniana Sōviete i ngā hui a te Kaunihera Haumarutanga, ā, i aukati i a ia ki te whakamahi i tōna mana ārai. Nō reira, ko te Pakanga Kōrea tētahi o ngā tauira tino nui o te wawaotanga hōia i raro i te mana o te UN.
I te wā i angitu ai te whakahaere a ngā hōia o te UN i ngā taunga ki Incheon, ā, i panaia a Kōrea-ki-te-Raki ki te rohe o Haina, ka uru atu a Haina ki te pakanga i te mutunga o te tau 1950 me te "Ope Taua Tūao a te Iwi." Nā tēnei wawaotanga i whakarerekē te āhua o te pakanga, ā, i panaia te pakanga ki te mutunga i te Raina Whakarara 38. I mutu te pakanga me te whakaaetanga whakamutu pakanga i te 27 o Hūrae, 1953, ehara i te tiriti rangimārie, nō reira kei te pakanga tonu ngā Kōrea e rua tae noa mai ki tēnei rā.
Pānga ki ngā Hononga ā-Ao
1. Te Whakakotahitanga o ngā Poraka Pakanga Matao me ngā Tōrangapū Hononga
Nā te Pakanga o Korea i tere ake te hanganga me te whakapakari i ngā hononga hōia i roto i ngā rohe maha. Mō te Hononga o Amerika me ōna hoa whawhai, i whakakaha ake te pakanga i te whakapono me kaha te whai i te pehi i te kōmiuniti, tae atu ki te whakamahi i te kaha hōia. I Ūropi, i whiwhi a NATO (i whakatūria i te tau 1949) i te mana me te whakapiki i te whakapau kaha ki te tiaki i muri i te mohiotanga ka pahū te pakanga nui i ngā wā katoa.
I Āhia, i akiaki te pakanga i te Hononga o Amerika ki te whakapakari i tētahi whatunga o ngā hononga haumarutanga hei pou tuarā mō tāna rautaki ā-ao. I hohonu ake ngā hononga tiaki a te US ki a Hapani, i nui ake te aro ki a Taiwan, ā, i tupu te mahi tahi haumarutanga me ētahi atu whenua Āhia. I whakaatu te Pakanga Kōrea ehara a Āhia i te rohe taha, engari he pokapū whakataetae ā-ao.
2. Te Hurihanga o te Tūranga o te UN i roto i te Haumarutanga Ngātahi
Ko te Pakanga o Korea te whakamātautau tūturu tuatahi o te ariā haumarutanga ā-rōpū a te UN. Ahakoa i arahina te mahi hōia e te Hononga o Amerika, i whakatakoto te mana o te UN i tētahi tauira e taea ai e ngā whakahaere o te ao te whakaoho i te mahi ā-rōpū i te aroaro o te whakaekenga. I tua atu, i whakaatu anō hoki ngā wheako o Korea i ngā herenga o te UN: i tino awehia āna whakataunga e ngā hihiri o te Kaunihera Haumarutanga me ngā whakataetae a ngā mana nui.
I muri i te whakaoranga o te Uniana Sōviete me te whakamahinga nui o te mana ārai, ka uaua haere te kaha o te UN ki te mahi i ngā mahi ōrite i roto i ngā pakanga nui. Heoi anō, he mea nui tonu te tauira o Korea i roto i te hītori o te ture o te ao me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, inā koa mō te whakahau mō te wawaotanga me te ariā o te whakaekenga whakawhiti-rohe.
3. Te Whakanuia o te Whakataetae Hoia me te Reihi Pū
Nā te Pakanga Kōrea i whakarerekē ngā kaupapa matua mō ngā kaupapa here ārai a ngā mana nui. Nā te Hononga o Amerika i whakanui ake tana tahua hōia, ā, i whakawhānui ake hoki i te kaha o ana ope taua. Nā te pakanga i whakatenatena te tini o ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ehara i te mea ko te pakanga karihi anake te riri, engari ko ngā pakanga tikanga ā-rohe anō hoki ka taea te whakanui ake hei pakanga ā-ao.
I tua atu, i kaha ake te whakataetae patu o te Pakanga Matao i te Pakanga o Korea. Ahakoa kāore i whakamahia ngā patu karihi, ko te riri o te pikinga ake o te pakanga karihi i uru ki ngā tātaitanga rautaki. I muri i te wheako o Korea, ka nui ake te rongonui o ngā ariā o te aukati, te kaupapa o te whakamahinga iti, me te rautaki o te pakanga "iti".
4. Te Aranga Ake o Haina hei Kaiwhakaari Nui i roto i ngā Tōrangapū o te Ao
Nā te wawaotanga a Haina ki te Pakanga o Korea i puta ai tōna mana ā-rohe hei mea nui. Ahakoa ngā mate nui i pā ki a ia, i whakaatu a Haina i tōna kaha ki te whakamahi i te ope taua i runga i te tauine nui me te awe i te putanga o te pakanga. Nā tēnei i huri ai ngā tirohanga ā-ao mō te Repupiripia o te Iwi o Haina (PRC) i whakatūria i te tau 1949.
I pāngia hoki ngā whanaungatanga ā-iwi e ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū: i tino kino haere ngā whanaungatanga o Haina ki te Hononga o Amerika, ā, i mau tonu mō ngā tekau tau. I kaha ake te noho motuhake o Haina i roto i ngā huihuinga o te ao, i te mea i pāngia ngā whanaungatanga o Beijing ki a Moscow e tētahi wāhanga o te mahi tahi rautaki i mua i te kino haere i te mutunga o ngā tau 1950 me ngā tau 1960.
5. Te Hanganga Tuturu o ngā "Wāhi Wera" ā-Ao i Āhia ki te Rawhiti
Nā te whakaaetanga hoia o te tau 1953 i hanga te Rohe Whakakore Pakanga o Korea (DMZ), tētahi o ngā rohe tino kaha te ope taua o te ao. I whanake a Kōrea ki te Raki hei whenua tino kaha te ope taua me te motu ke, i te mea ko Kōrea ki te Tonga—me te tautoko ōhanga me te haumarutanga mai i te Hononga o Amerika—i huri hei whenua ahumahi me te manapori, ahakoa he haerenga tōrangapū roa.
Kei te pā tonu ngā taupatupatu ki ngā whanaungatanga o te ao i ngā taupatupatu i te Penetānia o Korea: ko te kaupapa karihi a Korea ki te Raki, ngā whakamātautau pere, ngā whiu o te ao, me ngā whiriwhiringa maha-taha he take e puta tonu ana. Arā, kāore te Pakanga Korea i "oti" rawa, engari he pakanga kua tio ka taea tonu te whakaoho i ngā raruraru ā-rohe me te ao whānui.
6. Ngā Pānga ki te Wete-Koroni me Ētahi Atu Pakanga Rohe
I awe anō hoki te Pakanga Kōrea i te āhua o te urupare a ngā mana nui ki ngā pakanga i ngā whenua whakawhanake. He maha ngā pakanga whakakore koroni me ngā pakanga ā-iwi o ngā tau 1950 ki te 1970 i whakamāramahia mā te tirohanga o te Pakanga Matao: mēnā i kitea he kaupapa tautoko-Hauāuru, he kaupapa tautoko-kōmiuniti rānei. I kitea tēnei tauira i Indochina/Vietnam, te Middle East, me Āwherika. E whakaatu ana te Pakanga Kōrea i te āhua o te hurihanga o ngā pakanga ā-rohe hei pakanga ā-rohe nui ina wawao mai ngā mana nui.
Whakamutunga
He tino huringa nui te Pakanga o Korea i roto i te hītori o ngā whanaungatanga o te ao. I whakamāramahia te wehenga o te ao kia rua ngā poraka, i whakaoho i te hanganga o ngā hononga hōia, i whakamātautau i ngā tikanga haumaru ā-rōpū a te UN, i whakakaha i te whakapūmautanga me te whakataetae patu, ā, i whakanoho i a Āhia ki te Rawhiti hei rohe rautaki matua. I runga ake i ngā mea katoa, kei te kitea tonu te taonga tuku iho o te pakanga i roto i ngā taupatupatu tonu i te Penetānia o Korea me ngā whanaketanga whenua tōrangapū o te rohe. Ko te mārama ki te Pakanga o Korea ko te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ngā take haumarutanga o te ao hou - mai i te whakataetae i waenga i ngā mana nui ki te riri o te horapa o te karihi - e hanga tonu ana i te ao i ēnei rā.
