Haurongo o Perehitini Soeharto
Ko Suharto te Perehitini tuarua o te Repupiripia o Indonesia, neke atu i te toru tekau tau te roa o tana noho hei Perehitini, ā, ko ia tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana me te tino tautohenga i roto i te hītori o Indonesia hou. E mōhiotia ana ia ko te kaihoahoa matua o te New Order, he kāwanatanga i aro nui ki te pumau tōrangapū, te whanaketanga ōhanga, me te tūranga hōia kaha i roto i te kāwanatanga. Heoi, i honoa pinepine tana kaiārahi ki ngā herenga ki ngā herekore tōrangapū, te takahi i ngā tika tangata, me ngā mahi pirau, te mahi tahi, me te mahi whakahāwea (KKN). Ko te kōrero e whai ake nei he kōrero poto engari whānui mō te oranga o Suharto.
Te papamuri o te tamarikitanga me te whānau
I whānau mai a Suharto i te 8 o Hune, 1921, i Kemusuk, Argomulyo, Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Nō tētahi whānau iti noa iho ia i te taiwhenua o Java. Nā ōna āhuatanga ōhanga-pāpori iti i hanga ōna wheako tamarikitanga, tae atu ki ōna tirohanga ki te whakahaere, te mahi uaua, me te tikanga. I taua wā, kāore i te ngāwari te urunga atu ki te mātauranga ōkawa mō ngā hapori taiwhenua, engari i whiwhi a Suharto i te mātauranga taketake, kātahi ka mahi i ngā momo mara i mua i tana urunga ki te ope taua.
Mai anō i tōna tamarikitanga, i mōhiotia a Suharto mō tōna āhua marino, he pai ake ki te mahi i muri i ngā whakaaturanga i te kōrero. I mau tonu tēnei āhuatanga ki a ia puta noa i tana mahi tōrangapū: he maha ngā wā i whakatairangahia e ia te huarahi mahi, i pupuri i te ahua o te kaiārahi marino, ā, i hanga he whatunga mana mā te pono me te hanganga whakahaere pai.
Te tīmatanga o te mahi hōia
I tīmata te mahi hōia a Suharto i te wā i nohoia ai a Indonesia e te Hapanihi (1942–1945). I uru atu ia ki tētahi whakahaere hōia i whakatūria e Hapanihi, hei ara mō ngā rangatahi o Indonesia ki te whiwhi whakangungu hōia. Whai muri i te Whakapuakitanga o te Mana Motuhake i te 17 o Ākuhata, 1945, ka uru atu a Suharto ki te pakanga mō te mana motuhake. Nō muri mai ka uru atu ia ki ngā Ope Taua ā-Motu o Indonesia (TNI) ā, ka piki haere i roto i ngā tūranga.
Ko tētahi huihuinga e hono pinepine ana ki tōna ingoa ko te Whakaekenga Whānui o te 1 o Poutū-te-rangi, 1949 i Yogyakarta, he mahi hōia i whakaatu i te noho o te Repupiripia o Initonīhia ki te ao whānui i waenganui i te whakaekenga a ngā Hōrana. I roto i te kōrero whaimana o te New Order, he nui te aro ki te tūranga o Suharto i roto i tēnei huihuinga, ahakoa he rerekē ngā whakamārama a ngā tohunga hītori mō ngā takoha a ētahi atu tino tangata. Heoi anō, nā ōna wheako i te wā o te hurihanga i whakau tōna ingoa hei āpiha kaha ki te whakarite i ngā mahi me te whakatū i te mana whakahaere.
Ki te pokapū o te mana
I ngā tau i muri i te mana motuhake, i puritia e Suharto ngā tūranga nui i roto i te ope taua. I mahi ia hei Kaihautū mō te Mandala Command i roto i te Operation Trikora (1962), ko te whāinga kia whakauruhia a Irian ki te Hauāuru (Papua) ki roto i te rohe o Initonīhia. Nā te whai wāhi atu a Suharto ki tēnei mahi nui i whakakaha ake tōna ingoa hei āpiha rautaki e whakawhirinakihia ana ki te whakahaere i ngā kaupapa ā-motu.
I tino hihiri te āhua tōrangapū o Initonīhia i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1960. I whakatinanahia e te Perehitini Sukarno te Manapori Arataki, me ngā taupatupatu whakaaro i waenganui i ngā iwi whenua, ngā komunisi, me te ope taua. I tino piki te raruraru i muri i ngā huihuinga o te 30 o Hepetema (G30S) i te tau 1965. I waenganui i te ngangau tōrangapū, i whai wāhi nui a Suharto, hei Kaiwhakahaere o te Ope Taua Rautaki (Kostrad), ki te whakahaere i te āhua i Jakarta. I muri mai ka tino piki haere tōna mana.
I te 11 o Poutū-te-rangi, 1966, i hainatia e Sukarno te Supersemar, e whakamana ana i a Suharto ki te mahi i ngā mahi hei whakahoki mai i te haumarutanga me te tikanga. I tohuhia e Supersemar tētahi huringa nui: i whakamahia e Suharto tēnei mana hei whakakore i te Rōpū Kōmiuniti o Indonesia (PKI) me te hopu i ngā tāngata i whakaarohia he hononga ki a rātou. I kitea i tēnei wā whakawhiti te tutu nui me te takahi i ngā tika tangata i roto i ngā rohe maha, he upoko pōuri i roto i te hītori o Indonesia e noho tonu ana hei upoko pōuri.
Te noho hei Perehitini me te whānautanga o te Ture Hou
I te tau 1967, i whakatūria a Suharto e te Runanga Kōrero a te Iwi (MPRS) hei Perehitini Whakakapi, ā, i te tau 1968, i whakatūria mana ia hei Perehitini mō te Repupiripia o Indonesia. Koinei te tīmatanga o te kāwanatanga o te New Order. I tautoko te kāwanatanga o Suharto i te kaupapa here mō te pumau o te motu, te tipu ōhanga, me te whakaritenga tōrangapū e whakahaeretia ana i mua. He mahi nui tā te ope taua mā te ariā mahi rua a te ABRI (Ngā Ope Taua o Indonesia), e whakauru ana i te parepare me te haumarutanga me ngā mahi pāpori-tōrangapū.
I roto i te rāngai ōhanga, i whakatairangahia e te New Order te whanaketanga mā roto i ngā kaupapa roa, te whakatuwheratanga ki ngā haumitanga mai i tāwāhi, me te mahi tahi me ngā umanga o te ao. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1970 ki te tekau tau atu i 1990, i kitea e Indonesia te tipu ōhanga nui, te pikinga ake o te whanaketanga hanganga, me te whakahekenga o ngā reiti rawakore i roto i ngā rohe maha. Ko te kaupapa raihi-whaiaro o te tekau tau atu i 1980 e kiia ana he whakatutukitanga nui, ahakoa he rerekē tōna pānga puta noa i ngā rohe me ngā wāhanga o te hapori.
Heoi, nā te pumau o tēnei tūnga i tiakina pai ai, i iti ai te wāhi tōrangapū. I whakangawaritia e te kāwanatanga ngā rōpū tōrangapū kia toru ngā mana matua: ko Golkar, ko te Rōpū Whakawhanake Kotahitanga (PPP), me te Rōpū Manapori o Indonesia (PDI). Ko Golkar—i tautokona e te kāwanatanga—i noho hei waka tōrangapū matua a Suharto. I tū ngā pōtitanga auau, engari kāore i tino ōrite te āhuarangi whakataetae nā te kaha o te mana whakahaere a te kāwanatanga ki te tari kāwanatanga, ki ngā pāpāho, me ngā ope haumaru.
Te tautohetohe me te whakahē i te kāwanatanga o Soeharto
Ahakoa ngā whakatutukitanga whanaketanga, i kitea te wā o te New Order i ngā whakahē koi. E kiia ana he hohonu te pūtake o te pirau, te mahi tahi, me te mahi whakahāwea (KKN), ā, i whai hua ngā hononga tōrangapū me te ōhanga ki ētahi rōpū, tae atu ki te whānau o te perehitini me te porowhita o roto. He maha ngā rōpū whakahaere i tupu i roto i tētahi pūnaha i whakawhirinaki ki te tata ki te mana.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he maha ngā tuhinga mō ngā takahi i ngā tika tangata, te whakamutu i te hunga whakahē, me ngā mahi pehi i ngā kaupapa pāpori-tōrangapū. Ko ngā huihuinga pēnei i ngā mahi hōia i roto i ngā rohe rerekē, ngā here i te herekoretanga pāpāho, me ngā mahi ki ngā kaiwhakahē kua waiho he taonga pōuri kua roa nei e tautohetohehia ana mai i te hinganga o te New Order.
I arohia hoki ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga i Timor ki te Rawhiti e te ao whānui. Nā te whakaurunga o Timor ki Indonesia i te tau 1976 me te pakanga tonu i te rohe i puta ai ngā whakahē mō tana huarahi hōia me ngā take atawhai tangata. I wehe a Timor ki te Rawhiti i Indonesia i muri i te pōtitanga i te tau 1999, whai muri i te hinganga o Suharto.
Te raruraru o te tau 1997–1998 me te hinganga o Suharto
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te hinganga o Suharto i te raruraru pūtea o Āhia i te tau 1997–1998. I tino heke te rupiah, i piki ake te pikinga utu, i pakaru ngā kamupene, ā, i piki ake te kore mahi. I huri tere te raruraru ōhanga hei raruraru tōrangapū. I tino heke te whakawhirinaki o te iwi ki te kāwanatanga o Suharto, i te mea i kaha ake ngā tono mō ngā whakahoutanga i ngā whare wānanga me ngā tāone nui.
I piki haere te ngaru o ngā whakaaturanga a ngā ākonga, ā, i tae ki tōna taumata teitei i te marama o Mei 1998. I pakaru mai te raruraru pāpori i roto i ētahi rohe, tae atu ki Jakarta, ā, i hua ake ai he aituā ā-tangata me ngā mate nui. I raro i te pēhanga mai i tētahi āhuatanga e kore e taea te whakahaere me te ngoikore o te tautoko tōrangapū, ka rihaina a Suharto i te 21 o Mei, 1998. I whakakapi a BJ Habibie, te Perehitini Tuarua, hei tohu i te tīmatanga o te wā Reformation.
Te ora i muri i te whakarērea me te matenga
I muri i tana wehenga atu i te tari, i noho a Suharto i waho o te tirohanga a te marea. He maha ngā wero ture i pā ki a ia e pā ana ki te pirau i whakapaetia, engari i whakararuhia tonutia ngā whakahaerenga e ngā take hauora. I haere tonu ngā tautohetohe mō te kawenga tōrangapū me te ture o te New Order, i te mea i wehewehea ngā whakaaro o te marea mōna: i whakanuia e ētahi te pumau me te whanaketanga, ko ētahi i tono kia pono me te tika mō ngā mahi kino o mua.
I mate a Suharto i te 27 o Hānuere, 2008, i Jakarta, ā, i tanumia ki Astana Giri Bangun i Karanganyar, Central Java. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, ko te taonga tuku iho a Suharto kei roto tonu i ngā kōrero mō te hītori o Initonīhia. E kitea ana ia hei kaiārahi nāna i kawe mai ngā huringa nui ki te whanaketanga, engari hei tohu anō hoki mō te mana whakahaere me ngā raruraru hanganga e kitea tonutia ana ōna pānga.
Te Katinga
E whakaata ana te kōrero mō te oranga o Suharto i te uaua o te hītori o Initonīhia: te wā o te pakanga, ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū o muri i te mana motuhake, te tere o te whanaketanga ōhanga, me ngā patunga hōhonu o te pāpori me te tōrangapū. Hei mārama katoa ki a Suharto, me whai huarahi arohaehae me te tika—me te whakaae ki ana whakatutukitanga tūturu engari kaua hoki e wareware ki ngā aituā me ngā tukino i puta. Mā tēnei, ka taea e te hītori te noho hei akoranga mō ngā whakatupuranga o muri mai kia taea ai e Initonīhia te tipu tonu hei iwi manapori, whai rawa, me te tika.
