Pakanga o Iharaira i Palestine
Ko te pakanga i waenganui i a Iharaira me Paratitina tētahi o ngā tautohe uaua rawa atu, roa rawa atu hoki i roto i te hītori o ēnei rā. Ehara i te mea he tautohe rohe noa iho, engari he hononga maha-āhua: te tuakiri ā-motu, te hītori koroni, te whakapono, te haumarutanga, te ture o te ao, me ngā wheako mamae i tukuna iho i roto i ngā whakatipuranga. Neke atu i te rautau, ko ngā kaupapa nui—mai i te hinganga o te Emepaea Ottoman, te mana whakahaere koroni o Peretānia, te hanganga o te whenua o Iharaira, ki ngā pakanga ā-rohe me ngā whanaketanga tōrangapū ā-roto—kua hanga i tētahi ao hurihuri tonu, engari ka mutu tonu ki ngā pātai matua: ko wai kei a ia te mana motuhake, kei hea te rohe, me ngā taurangi tika mō ngā tāngata katoa e noho ana i reira.
Ngā pūtake hītori poto
I te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i raro a Pāretinia (i te tirohanga whenua hītori) i te mana o te Emepaea Ottoman, ā, ko te nuinga o te iwi i nohoia e ngā Arapi Pāretinia, me te hapori Hūrai iti iho. I Ūropi, i puta te kaupapa Hiona hei whakautu i te whakahē i ngā Hūrai me ngā pogrom, me te karanga kia whakatūria he "kāinga ā-motu" mō ngā Hūrai. Ko te nuinga o te hekenga mai o ngā Hūrai ki te rohe i puta i mua i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ā, i piki ake i ngā tau i muri mai.
I muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ka hinga te Emepaea Ottoman, ā, ka riro i a Peretānia te Mana mō Palestine. I te tau 1917, i whakapuakina e te Whakapuakitanga Balfour te tautoko a Peretānia mō te whakatūnga o tētahi "kāinga ā-motu mō te iwi Hūrai" i Palestine, engari kāore e pāngia ngā "tika tangata me ngā tika whakapono" o ngā hapori ehara i te Hūrai. I roto i te mahi, ko te wā Mana o Peretānia he wā e piki haere ana ngā taupatupatu: te pikinga o te hekenga mai o ngā Hūrai, ngā hoko whenua, me ngā pakanga tōrangapū i waenga i ngā hapori Hūrai me ngā hapori Arapi o Palestine, tae atu ki ngā kaupapa here a Peretānia i kitea he koretake me te koretake. I pakaru mai te tutu me ngā whakakeke ā-hapori, tae atu ki te Whakakeketanga Arapi o 1936–1939.
1947–1949: Ngā mahere wehewehe me te pakanga
Whai muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao me te Holocaust—te kohuru tangata o ngā Hūrai Pākehā—ka piki ake te tautoko a te ao mō te whakatūnga o tētahi whenua Hūrai. I te tau 1947, i whakaarohia e te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua (UN) tētahi mahere hei wehewehe i te Manatū kia rua ngā whenua (Hūrai me te Arapi), me te mana motuhake mō Hiruharama. I whakaae ngā kaiārahi Hūrai ki te mahere, engari he maha ngā kaiārahi Arapi i whakakahore, me te kī he hē te wehewehenga me te whakakorenga i tētahi kaupapa kāwanatanga i kitea he mea akiaki e te koroni.
I te tau 1948, i whakapuakina e Iharaira tōna mana motuhake. I puta te pakanga i waenganui i a Iharaira me ngā whenua Arapi tata. Nā tēnei pakanga i puta ai ngā huringa nui: i noho tonu a Iharaira, ā, i whānui haere ki tua atu i te mahere a te UN, i te wā i riro ai a Te Tai Hauāuru i raro i te mana o Hōrana, ā, i riro a Kaha i raro i te mana o Īhipa. I taua wā anō, rau mano o ngā Pāretinia i noho hei rerenga—he huihuinga e kiia nei e ngā Pāretinia ko te Nakba (he aituā). Mai i taua wā, ko te take o ngā rerenga me te tika ki te hoki mai kua noho hei tētahi o ngā tino take o te pakanga.
1967: Te noho me te putanga mai o te pakanga o ēnei rā
I te tau 1967, i tohuhia e te Pakanga Ono-Rā te huringa nui. I nohoia e Iharaira te Tai Hauāuru (tae atu ki Hiruharama ki te Rawhiti), Gaza, ngā Pukepuke o Golan, me te Peninsula o Hinai (i whakahokia mai ki Ihipa i muri mai i roto i te tiriti rangimārie o te tau 1979). Mai i te tau 1967, ko te Tai Hauāuru me Gaza te pokapū o te pakanga o Iharaira-Paretini o ēnei rā, e whakahua ana i te mana o ngā rohe kua nohoia, ngā nohoanga o Iharaira, ngā here i runga i te nekehanga, te haumarutanga, me ngā tono a Pāretini mō te mana motuhake.
He maha ngā wā ka whakahuatia te ture o te ao—ina koa ko ngā Kawenata o Geneva—i roto i ngā tautohetohe mō te noho whenua, te tiaki i ngā tāngata whenua, me te ture o ngā whakataunga whenua. E whakanui ana a Iharaira i te hiahia mō te haumarutanga me ngā uauatanga o te mana whenua; e whakaaro ana a Pāretinia me te maha o ngā whenua me ngā whakahaere o te ao ko te noho whenua me te whakawhānui i ngā whakataunga whenua ngā arai matua ki tētahi whenua Pāretinia rangatira me te ora.
Te tukanga rangimārie: ngā tumanako me ngā hinganga
Kua mahi anō ngā mahi ā-iwi. Nā ngā Whakaaetanga Oslo i ngā tau 1990 i hanga te Mana Whakahaere o Palestine (PA) me tētahi anga ā-wāhanga ki tētahi otinga ā-whenua e rua. He tokomaha i kite i tēnei hei whai wāhitanga hītori, engari kua mutu te tukanga nā te haere tonu o te tutu, te hanganga o ngā nohoanga, ngā take tūnga whakamutunga (Hiruhārama, ngā rerenga, ngā rohe, te haumarutanga), me te raruraru o te whakawhirinaki tōrangapū.
I te Intifada Tuarua (te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 2000) i kitea te horapa o te tutu, tae atu ki ngā whakaekenga ki ngā tāngata whenua me ngā mahi hōia. I hanga e Iharaira he arai/taiepa wehewehe puta noa i ētahi wāhanga o te rohe, ā, i kīia e Iharaira he ārai i ngā whakaekenga, ko ngā Pāretinia ia i kite i ōna ara me ōna pānga he tango whenua, he aukati hoki i te oranga o ia rā.
I Gaza, i rerekē ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū i muri i te wikitoria o Hamas i ngā pōtitanga ture o Palestine i te tau 2006, ā, i muri mai ka riro i a rātou te mana whakahaere o Gaza i te tau 2007, i te mea he iti noa te mana whakahaere a te PA i raro i te mana o Fatah ki ētahi wāhanga o te West Bank. Mai i taua wā, ko ngā wehewehenga ā-roto o Palestine he arai nui, me te wehewehenga o ngā māngai tōrangapū me ngā rautaki rerekē mō te pakanga. Kei te aro atu hoki a Gaza ki tētahi aukati kaha a Iharaira (me ngā here i whakatakotoria e Ihipa), e ai ki te maha o ngā tari atawhai tangata he kino ake ngā āhuatanga ōhanga me te pāpori, i te mea e kī ana a Iharaira he hononga te aukati ki ngā tūmomo riri haumarutanga me te hokohoko pū. Ko ngā pakanga patu i waenganui i a Iharaira me ngā rōpū patu i Gaza kua hua ake he mate tangata whenua me te kino nui ki ngā hanganga.
Ngā take matua e uaua ai te whakaoti
He maha ngā take matua e puta ake ana i roto i te nuinga o ngā whiriwhiringa:
1. Ngā rohe me te whenua: E hiahia ana ngā Pāretinia kia tū he whenua kei ngā rohe o mua i te tau 1967, ko Hiruharama ki te Rawhiti hei tāone matua. E hiahia ana a Iharaira ki ngā rohe tiaki me ngā whakaritenga haumarutanga pakari; e whakahē ana hoki ētahi wāhanga o te ao tōrangapū o Iharaira i te wehenga katoa.
2. Te Tūnga o Hiruharama: He tohu, he pokapū tuakiri hoki tēnei tāone tapu mō ngā whakapono nui e toru. He tino tairongo ngā kereme mō te mana motuhake me te urunga atu ki ngā wāhi tapu.
3. Ngā rerenga o Pāretinia: Ka taupatupatu ngā tono mō te "tika ki te hoki" ki ngā āwangawanga taupori me ngā āwangawanga tōrangapū o Iharaira. Ko ngā otinga e kōrerohia ana ko te utu, te whakanohonoho, te whakakotahitanga o ngā whānau, te whakakotahitanga rānei.
4. Haumarutanga: E aro nui ana a Iharaira ki te aukati i ngā whakaekenga rōkete, ngā pahūtanga, me ngā tūmomo whakawehi whakawhiti-rohe. E aro nui ana a Pāretinia ki te haumarutanga mai i te tutu a ngā tāngata whai, ngā mahi hōia, ngā pupuri, me ngā mana whakahaere e whakawhāiti ana i te ora.
5. Ngā nohoanga o Iharaira i te Tai Hauāuru: Nā tō rātou horapa i wehewehe ai te rohe o Pāretinia, ā, i uaua ai te whakatū i tētahi whenua kotahi.
6. Te whakamanatanga tōrangapū me te mana: E tono ana ngā rōpū kia whakamanahia ngātahitia, kia whakamanahia hoki—kia whakamanahia a Iharaira hei whenua Hūrai, kia whakamanahia katoatia hoki te mana o Pāretinia.
Ngā pānga ā-tangata me te pāpori
He pānga nui tō tēnei pakanga ki te oranga o ia rā. I te taha o Pāretina, he raruraru nui ngā here mō te nekenekehanga, te urunga ki te whenua, te koretake o te ōhanga, me te mamae o te tutu maha. I te taha o Iharaira, ko te riri o ngā whakaekenga rōkete, te whakamataku, me ngā taupatupatu haumarutanga ka hanga anō hoki i te hinengaro me te kaupapa here a te iwi. Ka tipu ake ngā tamariki o ngā taha e rua me ngā wheako rerekē o te wehi me ngā kōrero mō te mamae, ka whakawhāiti i te wāhi mō te aroha. He maha ngā wā ka whakapakeketia ngā tūranga e te pāpāho pāpori me te wehewehenga o te ao, nō reira ka taupokina te mamae o te tangata e te whakatairanga me te tika tōrangapū.
Ngā tūmanako mō te otinga
Ahakoa e tautokona tonutia ana te otinga ā-whenua e te nuinga o te ao, he nui ngā wero e pā ana ki te otinga ā-whenua e rua, inā koa ko ngā meka e huri haere ana i te whenua, te wehewehenga tōrangapū, me te iti o te whakawhirinaki. Kua tīmata ētahi ki te matapaki i ngā huarahi kē atu pērā i te kotahi whenua me ngā tika ōrite, he whakakotahitanga, he whakaritenga ā-ao motuhake rānei mō Hiruharama. Heoi, he nui ngā arai kei roto i ia kōwhiringa: mai i ngā take o te tuakiri ā-motu me te haumarutanga ki tētahi hanganga tika mō ngā tika tōrangapū.
Ahakoa te otinga, he rite tonu ngā whakaritenga: te whakamutu i te tutu ki ngā tāngata whenua, te tiaki i ngā tika tangata, te urunga atu ki ngā mahi atawhai tangata, te kawenga mō ngā takahi ture, me te hiahia o te kaiārahi tōrangapū ki te whakamātau i te whakaaetanga. Ki te kore ēnei, ka huri ngā pakanga hei huringa rapu utu, ka roa ake te mamae, ka hohonu ake te kore whakawhirinaki.
Te Katinga
Kāore e taea te mārama ki te pakanga i waenganui i a Iharaira me Paratitina mā te kōrero kotahi. I ahu mai i tētahi hītori roa me ngā wheako maha e tūtaki tahi ana: te hiahia mō te haumaru, te tika, te whakamanatanga, me te kāinga. Nā tēnei uauatanga, ko te ara ki te rangimārie kei tua atu i ngā whakaaetanga rangatira, engari kei roto hoki ko te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o te whenua me te hanga anō i te whakawhirinaki i waenga i ngā hapori. I waenganui i te tautohetohe tōrangapū werawera, kotahi te mea e mārama tonu ana: ko ngā tāngata whenua o ngā taha e rua ka pikau i te taumaha o ngā hua. Ko te whakatairanga i ngā uara tangata—te tika ki te ora, te mana, me te herekore—koinei te taahiraa iti rawa hei whakarite kia kore te heke mai e kī tonu i ngā aituā e pā ana.
