Te Pakanga Ā-iwi o Pāniora me ōna Pānga
Ko te Pakanga Ā-Iwi o Pāniora (1936–1939) tētahi o ngā pakanga tino nui i roto i a Ūropi i te rautau 20. Ehara i te mea he pakanga ā-roto noa iho i waenganui i ngā rōpū i roto i a Pāniora, engari he "whakamahana" anō hoki mō te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao: he whakamātautau i te whakaaro, te rautaki hōia, te whakatairanga, me te whai wāhi mai o ngā mana o tāwāhi. He whānui te pānga o tēnei pakanga, mai i te huringa kāwanatanga i Pāniora ki tōna awe ki ngā mahi tōrangapū o Ūropi, ki ngā toi, me te maharatanga whānui o te tutu o ēnei rā.
Te Papamuri o te Pakanga
I honoa ngā pūtake o te Pakanga Ā-Iwi o Pāniora ki ngā taupatupatu pāpori, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū roa. I kitea a Pāniora i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 e te kore taurite o te mana whenua, te pakanga i waenga i ngā kaimahi me ngā kaipupuri moni, me ngā pakanga i waenga i ngā rōpū ahu whakamua me ngā rōpū matatika. I pāngia te kingitanga o Pāniora e te raruraru o te mana, ā, i te tau 1931, ka whakarērea e Kingi Alfonso XIII te mana i muri i ngā pōtitanga i whakakaha ake i te rōpū repupirikana. Nō reira i puta ai te Repupirikana Tuarua o Pāniora, i whakauru mai i tētahi kaupapa whakahounga nui: te whakahounga ahuwhenua, ngā here i runga i te tūranga o te Hāhi Katorika i roto i te mātauranga, te whakahounga hōia, me te whakawhānui ake i ngā tika tōrangapū.
Heoi, i puta ake i ēnei whakarerekētanga te ātete nui mai i ngā kaitiaki whenua—ngā kaipupuri whenua nui, ētahi i roto i te ope taua, me ngā rōpū whakapono—nā rātou i kite i te repupirikana hei tūmomo mōrearea ki te tikanga tuku iho. I tētahi atu taha, i wehea hoki te taha maui i waenga i ngā kaiwhakahou ngāwari me ngā kaiwhakahurihuri i whakaaro he puhoi rawa te huringa. I piki ake te wehewehenga: nā ngā porotēhi, te tutu tōrangapū, me ngā pakanga ā-pū i ngoikore ake te āhuatanga.
I puta te pūtake o te pakanga i te marama o Hūrae 1936, i te wā i whakatūria ai e tētahi wāhanga o te ope taua he hurihanga ki te kāwanatanga repupirikana, i tautokona i taua wā e tētahi hononga taha maui (te Popular Front). Kāore i taea e te hurihanga te whakatutuki i te mana whakahaere katoa o te whenua, ā, ka wehea a Pāniora kia rua ngā rōpū: ko ngā Republican me ngā Nationalist. Kāore i roa ka piki haere tēnei wehenga hei pakanga tuwhera.
Ngā Rōpū Taupatupatu: Ngā Rōpū Republican me ngā Rōpū Nationalists
I roto i ngā Republican he rōpū kanorau: ngā rīperare, ngā manapori pāpori, ngā komunisi, ngā anarkis, me ētahi iwi ā-rohe, pērā i Catalonia me te Whenua Basque. I tiaki rātou i tētahi kāwanatanga repupirikana whai mana ture. I roto i tēnei puni, i puta ngā taupatupatu ā-roto—hei tauira, i waenganui i ngā komunisi pokapū me ngā anarkis i tautoko i te hurihanga pāpori—i muri mai ka pā ki te whai huatanga o te pakanga.
I tautokona ngā Nationalists, i raro i te kaiārahi o Tānerara Francisco Franco, e ngā kaitōrangapū mōna, ngā kaitiaki tikanga, ngā Falangists (ngā fascist Pāniora), te nuinga o ngā rangatira o te Hāhi Katorika, me ngā wāhanga whakahē-republican o te ope taua. I whakatairangahia e rātou te tirohanga mō te Pāniora "kotahi, nui, me te Katorika", me te whakahē i te mana motuhake ā-rohe me te mana hapori.
I tere tonu te hurihanga o te pakanga hei papa pakanga whakaaro: te manapori o te rōpū ripupirikana me te hurihanga pāpori i tetahi taha, me te mana motuhake o te iwi i tetahi taha. I puta te tutu i ngā taha e rua, tae atu ki ngā whakamatenga i waho o te ture, te whakatoi i ngā hoa whawhai tōrangapū, me ngā whakaekenga i ngā tohu whakapono me ngā umanga tōrangapū.
Te Whai Wāhitanga o Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāwāhi
Ko tētahi take e kiia ai te Pakanga Tūmatanui o Pāniora he tohu mō te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao ko te whai wāhi mai o ngā mana whenua o tāwāhi. I tautoko a Tiamana Nazi me Itari Fascist i ngā Nationalists me ngā patu, ngā waka rererangi, ngā tāke, ngā kaitohutohu hōia, tae atu ki ngā hōia. Ko ngā whakaekenga ā-rangi ki ngā tāone i noho hei rautaki rongonui, ko te mea nui ko te pōma o Guernica (1937) e te Rōpū Condor Tiamana—he huihuinga i tohu i ngā whakamataku o te pakanga hou ki ngā tāngata whenua.
I tautoko te Uniana Sōviete i te Repupirikana mā te whakamahi i ngā patu, ngā kaitohutohu, me te tautoko tōrangapū, ahakoa kāore i te rawaka tonu tēnei āwhina, ā, i haere tahi mai me te awe whakaaro nui. I tua atu, i uru atu ngā tūao ā-ao o ngā whenua maha ki ngā Pirikeeti o te Ao hei tiaki i te Repupirikana. I ahu mai rātou i Ūropi, i Amerika, me ērā atu wāhi, i te mea i akiakihia e te kotahitanga anti-fascist. I tētahi atu taha, he maha ngā whenua manapori, pērā i a Peretānia me Parani, i piri ki te kaupapa here "kore-wawao," ahakoa i roto i te mahi kāore tēnei i tino noho koretake, ā, he maha ngā wā i whai hua ai ngā Nationalists nā ngā aukati me ngā here i runga i te āwhina ki te Repupirikana.
Nā te mutunga iho, ka huri te pakanga hei pakanga tino kore taurite. Nā te tautoko pumau a Tiamana-Itari i āwhina a Franco ki te whakatū i te mana hōia, i te mea he maha ngā wā i ngoikore ai te Ripapiripia, ā, i tūtaki hoki ki ngā wehewehenga o roto.
Te Ara o te Pakanga me te Wikitōria o Franco
I puta te pakanga i roto i ētahi wāhanga: ngā pakanga rohe, ngā pakanga tūranga, me ngā pakanga nui pērā i a Madrid, Jarama, Brunete, Teruel, me te Ebro. I noho a Madrid hei tohu mō te ātete a te Rōpū Republican, i mau tonu ahakoa i whakapaea. Heoi, i te mutunga, nā te kaha o te whakahaere, te mahi tahi a te ope taua, me te āwhina mai i tāwāhi i āhei ai ngā Nationalists ki te ahu whakamua.
I te tau 1939, ka hinga a Barcelona, ā, i muri mai ka hinga ngā parepare a te Rōpū Republican. I whakapuakina e Franco te wikitoria i te 1 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1939. Nā te hinganga o te Rōpū Republican i puta ai te wehenga nui: rau mano i rere ki Parani me ētahi atu whenua, he tokomaha i pāngia e ngā puni herehere, e ngā raruraru ōhanga rānei.
Pānga Tōrangapū: Te Mana Whakahaere a Franco
Ko te pānga tino tere ko te whānautanga o te kāwanatanga mana whakahaere a Franco, ā, i mau tonu tēnei tae noa ki tōna matenga i te tau 1975. I hurihia te whenua hei mana whakahaere tōrangapū i pehi i te whakahē tōrangapū, i aukati i ētahi rōpū, i aukati i ngā pāpāho, ā, i whakawhāiti i ngā mana tangata. Ko ngā tuakiri ā-rohe pērā i te ahurea me ngā reo o Catalan me Basque i pehia, i te mea i whakanuia e te kāwanatanga te pokapū me te kotahitanga o te motu.
I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i wehea a Pāniora nā ōna hononga tata ki te fascism, engari i muri mai ka whiwhi ia i tētahi tūranga rautaki i roto i te Pakanga Matao. Nā te mea he whakahē a Franco i te komunisi, ka āta whakatuwherahia e ngā whenua o te Hauāuru—ina koa ko te Hononga o Amerika—ngā whanaungatanga, tae atu ki te mahi tahi a te ope taua. E whakaatu ana tēnei me pēhea te "muru" i ngā kāwanatanga mana whakahaere mō ngā painga whenua.
Pānga Hapori: Te Whara, te Pehi, me te Hekenga
I mahue i te Pakanga Tūmatanui o Pāniora ngā whara hohonu. I puta te tutu nui i roto i ngā patunga nui, te mauherehere tōrangapū, te mahi takoha, me te "whakakorenga" o ngā hoa whawhai whakaaro. He maha ngā whānau i ngaro ā rātou whanaunga me te kore he wāhi tanumanga mārama, ka puta he mamae i waenga i ngā whakatipuranga. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, ko te take o te keri i ngā urupā nui me te whakaora i ngā patunga he kaupapa tautohetohe tonu i roto i te marea i Pāniora, e hono ana ki te maharatanga hītori me te houhanga rongo.
He pānga nui anō hoki tō te hekenga mai. I horapa ngā rerenga Republican ki Parani, ki Mehiko, ki te Uniana Sōviete, me ētahi atu whenua. I ētahi wāhi, i whai wāhi rātou ki te ahurea me te pūtaiao, engari he tokomaha i ngaro te tuakiri me te uaua ki te urutau.
Pānga Ōhanga: Te Hekenga me te Whakahoutanga
I whakangaromia e te pakanga ngā hanganga, te whakaputanga ahuwhenua, me te ahumahi. I muri i te pakanga, i pāngia a Pāniora e te rawakore me te matekai, i kino haere nā ngā kaupapa here ōhanga autarkic o ngā tau tōmua o Franco. I ngā tau 1950 me 1960 anake, nā te iti o te whakawāteatanga me te tipu o te tūruhi me te ahumahi, ka kitea he "merekara" o te whanaketanga i te ōhanga Pāniora. Heoi, i haere tahi tēnei tipu me te kore taurite, ā, i puta i raro i te mana tōrangapū pehi.
Pānga Ahurea me te Hinengaro
I awe te Pakanga Tūmatanui o Pāniora i ngā mahi toi, ngā tuhinga, me ngā whakaaro tōrangapū puta noa i te ao. I noho te peita a Pablo Picasso, Guernica, hei tohu ā-ao mō te whakahē i te pakanga, e whakaatu ana i te mamae o ngā tāngata whenua me te nanakia o ngā pahūtanga. Ko ngā kaituhi pērā i a George Orwell (nāna i whawhai i te pakanga) i whakarato i ngā taunakitanga nui mō ngā uauatanga o te pakanga, tae atu ki ngā pakanga ā-roto i te taha maui. He maha ngā tohunga hinengaro Pāniora i peia atu, i hanga he "diaspora ahurea" i awe i te ao Pāniora.
I roto i te motu, nā te aukati me te mana whakahaere ahurea i te wā o te kāwanatanga a Franco i whakawhāiti te whakaaturanga toi, engari i ara ake anō hoki ngā momo tohu ātete i roto i ngā tuhinga, ngā puoro, me ngā whare tapere.
Pānga o te Ao Whānui: Ngā Akoranga mō te Fascism me te Kore-Waewae
I whakaakona a Ūropi e tēnei pakanga tētahi akoranga kino: kāore i taea e ngā kaupapa here kore-wawao o ngā whenua manapori te aukati i ngā ope fascist ki te whakawhānui i ō rātou mana. I waiho a Pāniora hei tauira mō te huarahi e taea ai e ngā pakanga whakaaro te arahi ki ngā pakanga nui ake, ā, ko te pakanga hou e aro nui haere ana ki ngā tāngata whenua mā te whakatairanga, te whakamataku, me te pupuhi.
I hanga anō hoki e te Pakanga Ā-Iwi o Pāniora tētahi whakatupuranga o ngā kaiwhakahē-whakakeke, ā, i whakahōhonu ake i ngā tautohetohe i te taha maui o te ao mō te rautaki hurihanga, te kotahitanga tōrangapū, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whāinga whakaaro me te hiahia hōia.
Te Katinga
He aituā ā-motu, he kaupapa ā-ao hoki te Pakanga Tūmatanui o Pāniora. Nāna i whakamutu te whakamātautau manapori Ripihana, ā, i rukuhia a Pāniora ki roto i te mana whakahaere ture roa. I mahi anō hoki hei whakaata mō ngā pakanga whakaaro o te rautau 20, e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te wehewehenga, te kore taurite, me te pokanoa o tāwāhi ki te whakangaro i te hanganga o te hapori. Kei te kitea tonu tōna pānga i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū o Pāniora me ngā maharatanga tūmatanui i ēnei rā—he whakamaharatanga ko te houhanga rongo me te tika o mua e hiahia ana ki te wā, te maia tōrangapū, me te hiahia ki te aro atu ki ngā mea o mua me te pono.
