Hītori o te Temepara o Borobudur me te Ahurea o Hāwani
Ko te Temepara o Borobudur tētahi o ngā mahi toi whakahirahira o te whare me te wairua o Initonīhia, me te ao whānui hoki. Kei Magelang, Central Java, ehara a Borobudur i te hanganga kōhatu whakahīhī noa iho, engari he taonga tuku iho e whakaatu ana i ngā mahi tōrangapū, whakapono, toi, me ngā tirohanga a te hapori Javanese puta noa i ngā tau. Mā roto i ōna whakairo, stupa, me te whakatakotoranga tohu, ka whakaata a Borobudur i te hohonutanga o te ahurea Javanese, ka taea te mimiti, te tukatuka, me te whakaora i ngā awe rerekē hei hanga i tētahi tuakiri motuhake.
Ngā Takenga Mai me te Papamuri Hītori o te Whanaketanga
I hangaia a Borobudur i te wā o te whānau Syailendra, i waenganui i te rautau 8 ki te 9 o CE, i te wā e tupu nui ana te whakapono Mahayana Buddhism i Java. I tēnei wā, ka noho a Java hei pokapū mō tētahi ao moana me te ahuwhenua e tupu nui ana, me te hokohoko whānui me ngā hononga hinengaro ki Īnia, ki Sri Lanka, me te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia. E whakaponohia ana i hangaia a Borobudur i te wā o te kingitanga o Kingi Samaratungga, me ngā kōrero tuku iho a Gunadharma e whakahuatia ana i roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho o te rohe, ahakoa kei te tautohetia tonutia ngā taunakitanga hītori.
Ko te hanganga o tēnei temepara nui e whakaatu ana i tētahi taumata whakamiharo o te pūkenga whakahaere, hangarau, me te mahi nui. I whakairohia, i whakatakotoria hoki ngā kōhatu ātehite, kāore he sima, i runga i ngā tikanga matua me te taumaha o ngā kōhatu. Kāore i tūpono te wāhi: kei roto a Borobudur i tētahi rohe e karapotia ana e ngā maunga me ngā awa nui. I roto i te ao tūroa o Javanese, he maha ngā wā ka kiia ēnei whenua he tapu, he wāhi tūtaki i waenga i te ao tūturu me te ao wairua.
Te Tikanga o te Hanga Whare: Mandala me te Ara o te Māramatanga
I roto i te hoahoanga, he rite a Borobudur ki tētahi mandala—he mahere o te ao tūroa i roto i ngā tikanga Buddhist—e ārahi ana i ngā manene i tā rātou haerenga wairua ki te māramatanga. Ko te hanganga o Borobudur he taumata kei ia taumata me te hiranga rapunga whakaaro. Ka hikoi ngā manene i te taha matau o ia taumata (pradaksina), me te "pānui" i ngā whakairo e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaakoranga, ngā tikanga matatika, me te haerenga ora o Buddha.
E whakaata mārama ana te ariā o ngā ao e toru i roto i te whakapono Puta. Ko te taumata whenua e tohu ana i a Kamadhatu (te ao o te hiahia), ko ngā taumata waenga e tohu ana i a Rupadhatu (te ao o te āhua), ā, ko te taumata o runga e tohu ana i a Arupadhatu (te ao kāore he āhua). Ko te tihi, he stupa matua, te āhua nei e whakanui ana i te whāinga matua: te wahangu, te whakaaro nui, me te whakakotahitanga o roto. Mō te ahurea Javanese, e mōhio ana ki ngā tohu me ngā mahi wairua, e hangai ana tēnei haerenga taumata ki te ariā o te lelaku—te tukanga whakatipu-whaiaro mā te whakahaere me te mōhio.
He Whakairoiro hei "Pukapuka Kōhatu" me te Whakaata o te Oranga o Hāwana Onamata
Ko tētahi o ngā kaha o Borobudur ko ana mano tini o ngā papa whakairo. Ehara i te mea ko ngā kōrero Buddhist anake e whakaatu ana i ēnei whakairo, pērā i a Lalitavistara, Jataka, me Avadana, engari e whakaatu ana hoki i ngā taipitopito o te oranga o ngā iwi o Hawai'i onamata: ngā whare poutū, ngā poti, ngā mākete, ngā kākahu, ngā whakapaipai, ngā toi, tae atu ki ngā hanganga pāpori. Nā konei, e kiia ana a Borobudur he pukapuka tirohanga mō te ao tawhito o Hawai'i.
Mai i ngā whakairo, ka kitea i taua wā kua mōhio te iwi ki te whakamahere tāone, te whakatere, te ahuwhenua, me te oranga whakapono uaua. E whakakaha ana ēnei whakaaturanga i te whakaaro he tuwhera, he auaha hoki te ahurea o Hawai'i mai i te tīmatanga. He kaha ngā awe o Īnia ki te whakapono me te whakaahua i ngā tohu, engari kāore i te kino te whakamahinga. E whakaatu ana a Borobudur i tētahi tukanga "Havaneseization," arā, te tukatuka ā-rohe: i whakaaetia ngā whakaakoranga me ngā tohu o tāwāhi engari i whakauruhia ki ngā āhuatanga ataahua, te taiao, me ngā uara o Hawai'i.
Ngā Wā i Warewaretia me te Kitenga Anō
I muri i tōna wā rangatira, ka wareware haere a Borobudur. He maha ngā āhuatanga e whakapaetia ana: te nekehanga o te pokapū tōrangapū ki te Rawhiti o Java, te hurihanga o ngā mana whakahaere, me te aranga ake o ngā tikanga Hindu me ngā tikanga Ihirama ki Java. I tua atu, ko ngā mahi puia me te oneone i whai wāhi anō hoki ki te huna i te hanganga mō ngā rautau. Kāore a Borobudur i ngaro i te mata o te whenua, engari i "ngaro" atu i te hinengaro whānui o te marea.
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, i te wā e nohoia ana a Java e te Piritana, ka whakahau a Thomas Stamford Raffles kia tirotirohia ngā wāhi tawhito. I muri mai ka horoia a Borobudur, ā, ka rangahauhia kia tino pūnaha. Heoi, kāore i tīmata ngā mahi whakaora nui tae noa ki te rautau 20, inā koa mā te kaupapa whakaora i uru atu ai te kāwanatanga o Initonīhia me te UNESCO i ngā tau 1970 me 1980. He tohu nui tēnei whakaora, i te whakahokinga mai o Borobudur hei wāhi tuku iho ahurea mā ngā reanga o muri mai kia pārekareka ai, kia ako ai hoki.
Borobudur i roto i te Ahurea o Hāwane: Te Whakakotahitanga me te Mahi Wairua
E mōhiotia ana te ahurea o Hawai'i mō ōna āhuatanga honohono: te kaha ki te whakakotahi i ngā huānga rerekē i roto i te rangimārie. He tohu nui a Borobudur mō tēnei āhuatanga. Ahakoa he tohu whakamaumahara Buddhist, e tupu pai ana a Borobudur i roto i te hapori Javanese kua pāngia e ngā panonitanga o te whakapono me te whakapono i roto i te wā. I roto i ētahi tikanga tuku iho, he maha ngā wā ka tirohia ngā wāhi tawhito hei wāhi mana wairua. Kāore tēnei e pā tonu ana ki ngā tikanga Buddhist ōkawa, engari ki te whakaute ki te "kawruh" (mātauranga), ki ngā tūpuna, me te tapu o te taiao.
Ko te ariā o te wairua o Hāwana—me tōna aro nui ki te whakahaere i a ia anō, te rangimarie, me te rapu tikanga—he rite tonu ki te wairuatanga e whakaatuhia ana e Borobudur. Ko te haerenga ki runga i ngā taumata ka taea te mārama hei kupu whakarite mō te "piki" i te ao o roto: mai i te hiahia, ki te māramatanga o te āhua, ki te wāhi kore āhua, wahangu. Nō reira, e whakaaetia ana a Borobudur hei tohu whānui, ehara i te mea nō tētahi rōpū whakapono anake.
Toi, Ataahua, me te Tuakiri Hāwana
I āwhina anō hoki a Borobudur ki te hanga i te tirohanga toi a te iwi Hāwai: ehara i te mea he whakapaipai noa iho, engari he huarahi whakaako me te whakaaroaro. Ka whakakotahihia e ōna whakairo te ataahua me te mahi mātauranga. I roto i ngā tikanga tuku iho a Hāwai, he maha ngā wā ka honoa te toi ki te arataki o te ao—pērā i te wayang (wayang) e kawe ana i ngā whakaakoranga matatika mā roto i ngā pūrākau. He rite tonu te kaupapa o Borobudur: ka ako te tangata mā te titiro, te hikoi, me te whakaaroaro.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko ngā pūkenga whakairo me te whakamahere hanganga e whakaatu ana i te tikanga toi kaha. Kua whanake te toi Javanese i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē—Hindu-Buddhist, Islamic, colonial, me te ao hou—engari kei te mau tonu ngā aho noa: te taipitopito, te tohu, me te hononga tata ki te taiao me te wairuatanga.
Borobudur I Tēnei Rā: Taonga Tuku Iho, Tūruhi, me ngā Wero
I ēnei rā, kua whai mana a Borobudur hei Pae Tuku Iho o te Ao kua whakaingoatia e UNESCO, ā, he wāhi nui hoki mō ngā tūruhi. Nā tōna aroaro ka puta he painga ōhanga me te tuakiri ā-motu, engari he wero anō hoki: te whakahaere i te tini o ngā tūruhi, te tiaki i ngā kōhatu pakarukaru, me te pupuri i te tapu o te wāhi mō ngā karakia Buddhist, pērā i te whakanui i te Vesak.
I tētahi atu taha, he nui te kaha o Borobudur hei wāhi mō te mātauranga ahurea. Ka taea e ngā whakatupuranga taitamariki te ako i te hītori o Javanese ehara i te mea mai i ngā pukapuka anake, engari mai i ngā "tuhinga kōhatu" e pupuri ana i ngā kōrero o te ao i ngā rautau kua pahure. Ko te mea nui ko te taurite: me tiaki a Borobudur hei tohu wairua, hei mahi toi, hei puna mātauranga hoki.
Te Katinga
Kāore e taea te wehe i te hītori o te Temepara o Borobudur mai i te hītori o te ahurea o Javanese. I puta mai i te tihi o te ao tawhito o Javanese, i tiakina i roto i te wā, kātahi ka puta anō hei kaiwhakaatu puta noa i ngā tau. E whakaako ana a Borobudur ka tupu te ahurea o Javanese mā te tuwhera, te tohu hohonu, me te kaha ki te huri i ngā awe ki ngā mahi e neke atu ana i ngā rohe whakapono me ngā rohe o te wā. Kei roto i ia whare whakairo me ia stupa he karere mō te haerenga a te tangata: te whakarite i a ia anō, te mārama ki te ao, me te rapu whakaaro nui. Ko Borobudur, i te mutunga, ehara i te whare noa iho, engari he whakaata i te ahurea o Javanese e ora tonu ana, e whakarato ana i te tikanga tae noa mai ki tēnei rā.
