Te Putanga Mai me te Whanaketanga o te Hūrai
Ko te Hūrai tetahi o ngā tikanga whakapono tawhito rawa atu o te ao, ā, kei te tupu tonu. Ehara i te mea he pūnaha whakapono anake engari he iwi whānui anō hoki: e whakakotahi ana i te whakapono, te ture, ngā tikanga matatika, me te tuakiri ā-rōpū. Ko te putanga mai me te whanaketanga o te Hūrai i puta mai i roto i tētahi tukanga roa i awehia e ngā wheako hītori o ngā Iharaira, ngā nekehanga tōrangapū o te Rawhiti Tata Tawhito, me tētahi tikanga hinengaro kaha. Hei mārama ki ngā takenga mai me te tipu o te Hūrai, me whai tātou i ōna wāhanga hītori mai i te wā o ngā patriarch, puta noa i ngā kingitanga, puta noa i te whakarau, tae noa ki te wā hou.
Ngā Pūtake o te Putanga Mai: Ngā Tūpuna me ngā Kawenata
I roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho a ngā Hūrai, ko ngā pūtake o te Hūrai i ahu mai i ngā tupuna a Āperahāma, a Ihaka, me Hākopa. Ko Āperahāma te tangata matua, e kitea ana ko ia te tangata tuatahi ki te uru ki tētahi kawenata ki te Atua. He ariā matua tēnei kawenata i roto i te whakapono Hūrai: he whanaungatanga motuhake i waenganui i te Atua me te hapori i whiriwhiria hei whakatutuki i Tōna hiahia. E whakanui ana tēnei kōrero i te whakapono kotahi—te whakapono ki te Atua kotahi—hei āhuatanga kaha e wehewehe ana i te hapori e karapoti ana, e whakapono ana ki ngā atua maha.
Ehara i te mea he wairua anake te kawenata engari he pānga matatika me te pāpori anō hoki. I tīmata te hanganga o te tuakiri ā-motu o Iharaira, ehara i te mea nā roto noa i ngā hononga toto, engari nā roto hoki i ngā hononga whakapono me te whakapau kaha ki te ture atua. I tēnei wā tōmua, ko te tikanga tuku iho te mea nui, ā, ko te karakia i arotahi ki te whānau me ngā mahi māmā noa iho.
Mōhi me te Ture: Te Pūtake o te Whakapono
Ko te wāhanga nui e whai ake nei ko te wā o Mohi, e ai ki te kōrero tuku iho, nāna i ārahi ngā Iharaira i waho o Ihipa (te Putanga). I noho te Putanga hei kōrero whakawātea nui i roto i te maharatanga whānui o ngā Hūrai, i whakanuia i te wā o te Kapenga (Pesach). I a rātou e haere ana ki Kanaana, i whiwhi a Mohi i te Torah i Maunga Hinai. Ko te Torah—e pā ana ki ngā pukapuka tuatahi e rima o te Paipera Hiperu—koia te tūāpapa matua o te whakapono me te ture Hūrai.
Koinei te wāhi ka tīmata te puta ake o te Hūrai hei pūnaha hanganga ake. Ehara i te mea ko ngā karakia kawa anake te kaupapa o te Tora engari ko ngā ture pāpori, ōhanga, me te matatika hoki: mai i ngā tikanga karakia me ngā ture kai (kashrut), te Hāpati, tae atu ki ngā ture o te tika. Nō reira, mai i te tīmatanga, i whakanoho te Hūrai i te oranga o ia rā hei wāhanga o tōna aroha ki te Atua.
Te Wā o te Kingitanga o Iharaira me te Whakakotahitanga o te Karakia
Whai muri i te raupatu me te whakatūnga o ngā hapori ki Kanaana, ka uru ngā Iharaira ki te wā o te kingitanga. I tae te kingitanga o Iharaira ki tōna tihi i te wā o ngā kingitanga o Rawiri rāua ko Horomona. Nā Rawiri i whakakaha a Hiruharama hei pokapū tōrangapū, ko Horomona ia i hanga te Temepara Tuatahi ki Hiruharama. Nā te hanganga o te Temepara i tohu te pokapū o te karakia: i nui ake te pokapū o ngā tikanga patunga tapu me ngā hakari nui, ā, i whai wāhi nui te whakatūnga o ngā tohunga (kōhanim).
Heoi, i kitea anō hoki te pakanga ā-roto me ngā tūmomo whakawehi o waho i te wā o te kingitanga. I muri i a Horomona, ka wehe te kingitanga ki a Iharaira i te raki, ki a Hura i te tonga. Nā tēnei wehenga i ara ake ai ngā mahi rerekē me ngā taupatupatu tōrangapū. I roto i tēnei āhuatanga, ka puta ake ngā poropiti (pērā i a Ihaia, i a Heremaia, me Amoha) hei reo matatika, e whakahē ana i ngā hē me ngā mahi hē o te hapori. Nā ā rātou poropititanga i whakakaha ake ngā āhuatanga matatika o te Hūrai: me whakaata te pono ki te Atua i roto i te tika me te aro ki te hunga ngoikore.
Te Whakarērea me te Hurihanga: Mai i te Temepara ki te Kuputuhi me te Hapori
Ko te mea tino nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te Hūrai ko te whakangaromanga o te Temepara. I hinga te kingitanga o Iharaira ki te raki ki ngā Ahiriana (722 BC), ā, i te mutunga ka raupatuhia te kingitanga o Hura e ngā Pāpuroni (586 BC). I whakangaromia te Temepara tuatahi, ā, he tokomaha o ngā tāngata i peia ki Pāpuroni. Nā tēnei wā o te peia i tino whakarerekē te mata o te Hūrai.
Ki te kore te Temepara, kāore e taea e ngā mahi whakapono te whakawhirinaki ki ngā patunga tapu me ngā kawa matua. Engari, i kaha ake te whakanui i te tikanga o ngā tuhinga, te inoi, me te whakaako. I roto hoki i tēnei wā i tere haere ai te kohikohi, te whakatika, me te whakaū i ngā tikanga tuhituhi maha. I kaha ake te tuakiri Hūrai ki te ture, ki te karaipiture, me te hapori i ora i te wā i pakaru ai. Ko te putanga mai o ngā tauira karakia i muri mai ka honoa ki te whare karakia (he whare hui/karakia) i ahu mai i te hiahia ki te pupuri i te whakapono me te kore he pokapū kawa matua i Hiruharama.
I te hinganga o Pāhia i a Pāhia, ka whakaaetia e Kingi Hairuha (Cyrus) ētahi Hūrai kia hoki ki te hanga i te Temepara Tuarua i te mutunga o te rautau 6 BCE. Ahakoa te whakahokinga mai o te pokapū karakia, i mahue iho i te wheako o te whakarau he taonga nui: kua mau te wairua pakari o te Hūrai, ā, ka taea te ora i roto i te iwi tawhiti.
Te Wā Tuarua o te Temepara: Te Kanorau o ngā Rōpū me ngā Awe o Waho
I te wā o te Temepara Tuarua, i pāngia te rohe o Hūrae e ngā momo awe: Pāhia, Kariki (Hellenistic), ā, muri iho ko Rōmana. Nā ēnei taunekeneke i ara ake ai ngā āhuatanga uaua o te hapori me te whakapono. He maha ngā rōpū i puta mai me ngā momo arotahi rerekē, pērā i ngā Parihi, ngā Haruki, me ngā Esene. Ko ētahi i whakanui i te ture ā-waha me tōna whakamaoritanga e whanake ana, ko ētahi i whakanui i te mana tohunga me ngā kawa o te Temepara.
Nā te awe o te ahurea Kariki anō i whakatupu ngā tautohetohe mō te tuakiri me ngā mahi. I awhi ētahi hapori i ngā āhuatanga ahurea o tāwāhi, ko ētahi i whakakahore i aua mea hei pupuri i te parakore o te tikanga tuku iho. I tae tēnei taupatupatu ki tōna taumata teitei i te whakakeke a ngā Makapiana me te wā o ngā Hāmoneana. I tēnei wā, i tupu hoki ngā tuhinga Hūrai: ehara i te mea ko ngā tuhinga ture anake, engari ko te whakaaro nui, ko ngā mahi apokaliptiki, me ngā mahi whakamaori.
Te whakangaromanga o te temepara tuarua me te whānautanga o te whakapono Hūrai a ngā Rāpi
Ko te huringa i muri mai i puta i te tau 70 CE i te wā i whakangaromia ai e ngā Rōmana te Temepara Tuarua whai muri i te whakakeke a ngā Hūrai. Nā te ngaronga tuarua o tētahi wāhi karakia matua i akiaki i tētahi panonitanga nui. Koinei te putanga mai o te Hūrai Rāpi, te momo matua e mau tonu ana i tēnei rā.
I whakakapia te tūranga matua o te tohunga e ngā Rāpi (kaiako ture). I arotahi te karakia ki te inoi, te ako i te Torah, me te mahi i te ture i roto i te oranga o ia rā. I whakarārangihia te ture ā-waha i roto i te Mishnah (tērā pea i te tīmatanga o te rautau 3 AD) ā, i muri mai ka whānuitia i roto i te Gemara, ka hangaia te Talmud (Hiruhārama me Papurona). I whakanuia e te tikanga rāpi te whakamaoritanga me te kōrero: i māramahia te ture hei mea hei ako, hei tautohetohe, hei whakamahi hoki i roto i te horopaki.
I mahi ngā whare karakia hei pokapū mō te oranga ā-iwi: ngā wāhi inoi, mātauranga, me te whanaungatanga pāpori. Nā tēnei hanganga i taea ai e ngā Hūrai te ora i roto i ngā rohe rerekē o te iwi—mai i te Waenganui Rawhiti me Āwherika ki te Raki ki Ūropi—ahakoa te whakahāwea me te peinga i te iwi.
Mai i te Waenganui ki te Ao Hou: Te Nohoanga, te Hinengaro, me te Whakahoutanga
I ngā Tau Waenganui, i tupu pai ngā hapori Hūrai i ngā pokapū nui e rua: te ao Ihirama me te ao Karaitiana. I te ao Ihirama, he maha ngā tohunga whakaaro Hūrai i whai wāhi ki te rapunga whakaaro, te pūtaiao, me te reo, pērā i a Maimonides, nāna i tuhi ngā tuhinga nui mō te ture me te karakia. I Ūropi, i whakawhanakehia e ngā hapori Hūrai he tikanga kaha o te ako Talmud, engari i pāngia hoki e ngā pēhanga pāpori-tōrangapū, tae atu ki ngā kohuru me ngā peinga.
I te taenga mai o te ao hou, ka puta te kaupapa Haskalah (Te Māramatanga Hūrai), e whakatairanga ana i te mātauranga ao me te whakaurunga pāpori. Nā tēnei whanaketanga i ara ake ai ngā momo whakapono: Ngā Hūrai Orthodox, i pupuri i ngā tikanga tuku iho, Ngā Hūrai Reform, i aro nui ki te whakahoutanga karakia me te urutau ki te ao hou, me Ngā Hūrai Conservative, i noho ki waenganui. I te rautau 20, ko te Holocaust te huihuinga nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori Hūrai o ēnei rā, i te wā kotahi ka hurihia te whenua taupori me te hinengaro o te hapori Hūrai o te ao.
Ko te whakatūnga o te Kāwanatanga o Iharaira i te tau 1948 tētahi atu take nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te tuakiri Hūrai o ēnei rā. Heoi anō, he rerekē tonu te tuakiri Hūrai o ēnei rā: ko ētahi e aro nui ana ki te taha whakapono, ko ētahi he ahurea, he iwi rānei, ā, ko ētahi e whakakotahi ana i ngā mea e rua.
Te Katinga
Ko te putanga mai me te whanaketanga o te Hūrai e whakaatu ana i te haerenga roa o tētahi tikanga e urutau tonu ana, engari kāore e ngaro ana ōna whakapono matua. Mai i te kawenata a ngā tupuna, te tukunga o te Torah, te whakaurunga o te Temepara, tōna whakangaromanga me tōna peinga atu, tae noa ki te putanga mai o te tikanga rāpi me te kanorau o te ao hou, kua ora tonu te Hūrai i roto i te kaha o ngā tuhinga, te hapori, me ngā mahi matatika e whiti ana i te wā me te wāhi. Ko te Hūrai ehara i te mea he kōrero noa iho o mua, engari mō te pupuri tonu a tētahi hapori i tōna tuakiri, whakapono, me ōna uara i roto i tētahi ao hurihuri.
