Ngā Tohu o te Hītori o te iwi Mayan
Ko te iwi Maya tētahi o ngā iwi tino whakamiharo kua tupu i Amerika. Ko te ingoa "Maya" he maha ngā wā ka puta ake ngā whakaahua o ngā piramita teitei i waenganui i te ngahere, ngā whakairo kōhatu uaua, me te mātauranga whetū e ahua nei kei mua i tōna wā. Heoi, ehara te kōrero a te iwi Maya i ngā temepara tawhito me ngā mea ngaro o ngā "poropititanga o te ao pōuri" rongonui i roto i ngā pāpāho. Ko tō rātou hītori he kōrero roa mō te hanganga o ngā tāone nui, ngā whatunga hokohoko, ngā whanaketanga pūtaiao, ngā pakanga i waenga i ngā kingitanga, me te manawanui ahurea i mau tonu i te wā o te koroni. Ko te whai i te hītori o te iwi Maya ko te mārama ki te hanga a te iwi i tētahi ao pāpori me te ao hinengaro whai rawa, me te waiho i tētahi taonga tuku iho e ora tonu ana ki tēnei rā.
Te Rohe me ngā Pūtake o te Ao Mayan
I tupu te iwi Maya i te rohe o Mesoamerican, tae atu ki te rohe e kiia nei ko te tonga o Mexico i ēnei rā (ina koa ko te Yucatán Peninsula), Guatemala, Belize, me ētahi wāhanga o Honduras me El Salvador. He rerekē ō rātou taiao tūturu: ngā whenua pārūrū haumākū, ngā maunga momona, me ngā takutai moana i whakarato i te huarahi ki te hokohoko. Nā tēnei kanorau i hanga te āhua noho o te iwi Maya. I ētahi wāhi, i urutau rātou ki ngā ngahere ua matotoru, i ētahi atu wāhi, i whakamahia e rātou ngā whenua teitei mō te ahuwhenua kaha.
Kāore i puta ohorere ngā pūtake o te ahurea Maya. I tupu ake i te taunekeneke roa i waenga i ngā rōpū Mesoamerican, tae atu ki te awe o te ahurea Olmec o mua. I roto i te wā, ka whanake ngā hapori ahuwhenua hei pokapū nohoanga nui ake, me ngā hanganga pāpori uaua me ngā kawa whakapono kua whakaritea haere.
Wā Tūatahi: Te Wā o Mua me te Whānautanga o te Tāone
Ko te hītori roa o te iwi Maya e wehea whānuitia ana ki ētahi wā nui. I te wā Preclassic (t. 2000 BC–t. 250 AD), ka tīmata te iwi Maya ki te hanga kāinga tūturu, ki te whakawhanake i te māra kānga, pīni, me te paukena, me te whakatakoto i ngā turanga whakaaro me ngā turanga toi ka tupu i muri mai i te wā tino rongonui. I kitea i tēnei wā te putanga mai o ngā pokapū tōmua me ngā whare nunui me ngā pūnaha karakia pakari, e tohu ana i te whānautanga o te ao tāone.
Ehara i te mea ko te ahuwhenua anake te take i ahu mai ai te whanaketanga o ngā tāone, engari ko te kaha hoki ki te whakarite i ngā mahi, ki te whakahaere i ngā rauemi, me te whakatū i te mana tōrangapū mā te whakapono me ngā tohu mana. I tīmata ngā kaiārahi ki te whakanoho i a rātou anō hei takawaenga i waenga i te tangata me te ao atua, he ariā i muri mai ka noho hei mea nui i roto i ngā kingitanga Maya.
Te Wā Koura: Te Wā Matarohia
Ko te Wā Matarohia (tērā pea i waenganui i te 250–900 CE) e kiia ana ko te wā koura o te ao Maya. I tēnei wā i ara ake ai ngā tāone nui pērā i a Tikal, Palenque, Copán, Calakmul, me te tini ke atu. Ehara ēnei tāone i te "emepaea" kotahi i raro i te mana o te kingi kotahi, engari he whatunga o ngā tāone-whenua whakataetae, hoa mahi, hokohoko, me te pakanga. He pokapū whakanui kei ia tāone me te piramita taumata, he whare rangatira, he papa pōro, me ngā whakamaharatanga kohatu—he tohu kohatu kei runga e whakaatu ana i te oranga o te kingi, ōna wikitoria, me ngā kaupapa nui.
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino whakamiharo o te iwi Maya Matarohia ko tā rātou pūnaha tuhituhi hieroglyphic tino whanake. I tuhia e rātou ngā hītori o te whare rangatira, ngā kawa, me ngā mātauranga whetū ki roto i ngā papa kōhatu me ngā codex (ngā tuhinga kua whakapikohia). Ko te tuhituhi a te iwi Maya he mea nui inaianei ki te mārama ki ō rātou mahi tōrangapū me te oranga pāpori, nā te mea mā roto i ēnei tuhinga ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whai i ngā whakapapa kingi, ngā huihuinga o te rā, tae atu ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kingitanga.
Pūtaiao: Te Tātaritanga Ao me te Maramataka
I rongonui te iwi Maya mō tā rātou tirotiro matatau i ngā rangi. I ako rātou i ngā huringa o te Rā, te Marama, me ngā aorangi pērā i a Hine-tū-rangi, ā, i honoa ēnei ki ngā kawa me te wā tika. I roto i te maha o ngā tāone Maya, i hāngai ngā aronga o ngā whare ki ngā āhuatanga whetū motuhake, pērā i te putanga mai o te rā i te rā tuawhā. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te hononga tata o te hoahoanga, te whakapono, me te pūtaiao.
I whakawhanakehia hoki e te iwi Maya tētahi pūnaha maramataka uaua. I whakamahia e rātou ētahi maramataka i te wā kotahi, tae atu ki te Tzolk'in (he maramataka karakia 260-rā) me te Haab' (he maramataka rā 365-rā). Ko te mea rongonui o ēnei ko te Long Count, he pūnaha mō te tatau i te wā i roto i ngā wā roa, e taea ai te tau tika i ngā kaupapa i roto i ngā mano tau. He mea nui kia mārama ehara te maramataka Maya i te "matakitenga mō te mutunga o te ao," engari he huarahi pūnaha mō te tuhi me te whakarite i te wā i roto i tā rātou anga ao.
Hanganga Hapori, Ōhanga, me te Oranga o Ia Rā
I raro i te ataahua o ngā piramita me ngā whare kingi, he maha ngā paparanga o te hapori Mayan. I te tihi ko ngā kīngi me ngā rangatira, ā, i muri mai ko ngā tohunga, ngā āpiha, me ngā kaihokohoko whai mana. I raro iho ko ngā tohunga toi, ngā kaiahuwhenua, me ngā kaimahi i tautoko i ngā tāone mā te whakaputa kai me ngā taonga. Ko te ahuwhenua te pou tuarā o te ōhanga. He uara te kānga ehara i te mea hei kai matua anake engari hei tohu whakapono nui hoki.
Nā te hokohoko i hono ngā tāone nui, ā, i tae atu ki ngā rohe tawhiti. Ko ngā taonga pēnei i te obsidian (he karāhe puia e whakamahia ana mō ngā taputapu), te jade, te tote, te kakao, ngā huruhuru manu tauhou, me ngā uku i noho hei taonga tino nui. Nā ēnei ara hokohoko anō hoki i āwhina te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro, ngā momo toi, me ngā mahi kawa.
I taua wā tonu, kī tonu te oranga o ia rā mō te iwi Maya i ngā mahi ahuwhenua, ngā mahi toi, ngā mākete, me ngā kawa. Kāore i te herea noa ngā hakari me ngā kawa ki te hunga rangatira anake; he maha hoki ngā mahi whakapono i uru ki te oranga hapori. Hei tauira, ko ngā kēmu pōro o Mesoamerica he mahi pāpori me ngā tohu, he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki ngā kōrero tuku iho me te mana tōrangapū.
Te Āhuatanga Raruraru me te Huringa: Te Hinga o ngā Mea Tawhito
I te rautau 9 pea, he maha ngā tāone nui o ngā whenua pāpaku o te tonga i hinga, ā, i te mutunga ka whakarērea. E kiia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te "hinganga o te iwi Maya tawhito," ahakoa kāore te kupu "hinganga" e tohu ana i te ngaronga o te iwi Maya. Ko ngā pūnaha tōrangapū o ētahi tāone nui te take matua i hinga ai. E whakaponohia ana he uaua, he hononga hoki ngā take: te pēhanga o te taupori, te hekenga o te taiao, te tauraki roa, te pakanga i waenga i ngā kingitanga, me te whakararuraru i ngā whatunga hokohoko.
Ehara i te mea he āituā kotahi anake, engari ko ēnei huringa he raupapa raruraru i kore ai e taea te whakahaere i ētahi pokapū mana. Heoi, i ētahi atu rohe, inā koa i te raki o Yucatán, i haere tonu te tupu o ētahi tāone i te wā i muri mai.
Ngā Tāone Hou me ngā Āhuatanga Tōrangapū o Muri i te Matarohia
I te wā o te Postclassic (t. 900–1500 CE), ka nekehia ngā pokapū mana. Ko Chichén Itzá, ā, i muri mai ko Mayapán, i noho hei tāone nui i roto i te Yucatán. I haere tonu te ahurea Maya ki te huri, me te mimiti i ngā awe mai i ētahi atu rōpū Mesoamerican, me te whakatū i tētahi whirihoranga tōrangapū rerekē mai i te wā Classic. I piki haere te rongonui o te hokohoko moana i te takutai, e whakaatu ana kāore te hapori Maya i noho motuhake engari he wāhanga o tētahi ao ā-rohe hihiri.
Ahakoa i haere tonu ētahi tāone ki te hanga whakamaharatanga, i rerekē ngā momo hoahoanga me ngā tauira mana. Kāore i te whakahaerehia ngā rangatiratanga e ngā stelee nunui i mua, engari i mau tonu te kaha o te oranga pāpori me te oranga karakia. Ko te taonga tuku iho a te iwi Maya o tēnei wā e whakaatu ana i te taumata teitei o te urutau—he āhuatanga nui hei mārama ki te pumau tonu o te tuakiri Maya.
Te Taenga Mai o ngā Pāniora me te Ātete
I te taenga mai o ngā Pāniora i te rautau 16, ehara te ao Maya i te emepaea kaha kotahi ka taea te raupatu i te pakanga kotahi. He maha ngā kingitanga me ngā hapori kua marara, ia rangatiratanga me ōna ake hiahia me ngā rautaki tōrangapū. He roa te tukanga koroni, ā, he maha ngā ātete. I tere te hinga o ētahi rohe, ko ētahi i roa te mau. Hei tauira, ko te raupatu whakamutunga o te kingitanga Maya o Tayasal (Nojpetén) i Guatemala, kāore i puta tae noa ki te tau 1697—neke atu i te rautau me te haurua i muri i te taenga tuatahi mai o ngā Pāniora.
Nā te koroni i kawe mai te whakangaromanga nui: he mate hou, he mahi ā-ringa, he Karaitianatanga, me te tahunga o ngā tuhinga maha. Nā reira, he maha ngā tuhinga a te iwi Maya i ngaro. Heoi, kei te ora tonu ētahi tuhinga nui, arā, ko ngā pukapuka tawhito me ngā tuhinga koroni kei roto ngā kōrero tuku iho a te iwi Maya.
He Taonga Tuku Iho Ora
Kāore ngā tohu o te hītori o te iwi Maya e mutu ki ngā ururua o te temepara. E miriona ngā tāngata Maya e noho tonu ana i ēnei rā, ko te nuinga i Guatemala me Mexico, tae atu ki Belize, Honduras, me El Salvador. E mau tonu ana ō rātou reo, ō rātou tikanga tuku iho, ō rātou kakahu, ō rātou toi, me ngā mahi ahurea i ahu mai i ngā rā o mua, ahakoa ngā huringa. Ko te tuakiri Maya o ēnei rā he tohu kāore tēnei iwi i "ngaro," engari kei te haere tonu i roto i ngā momo āhua rerekē.
I tēnei wā tonu, kei te hurahia tonutia ngā kōrero hou e ngā rangahau whaipara tangata me ngā rangahau epigraphic (te ako i te tuhituhi). Kua kitea anō hoki e ngā hangarau pēnei i te matawai LiDAR ngā tauira noho me ngā hanganga e huna ana i raro i te tuanui o te ngahere, e kī ana he nui ake, he hono atu hoki ngā tāone Maya i ngā whakaaro o mua. Mā ia kitenga hou ka hohonu ake tō tātou māramatanga ki ō rātou uauatanga: ko tō rātou kaha ki te whakahaere i te wai, ki te hanga papa ahuwhenua, ki te whakarite i ngā mahi tōrangapū, me te pupuri i te ao tūroa i homai ai te tikanga ki te ora.
Te Katinga
Ko te taonga tuku iho o te iwi Maya he kōrero mō te auahatanga o te tangata i roto i te aro atu ki te taiao, te hanga i te tikanga pāpori, me te rapu tikanga mā te mātauranga me te kawa. Mai i ngā kāinga ahuwhenua o mua i te tawhito ki ngā tāone whakahīhī o te wā tawhito, mai i ngā raruraru tōrangapū ki ngā urutaunga o muri i te tawhito, ki te ātete ki te koroni, e whakaatu ana te iwi Maya i te ora whakamiharo. E kitea ana tō rātou taonga tuku iho ehara i te mea i roto i ngā temepara kōhatu whakahīhī anake engari i roto hoki i tō rātou reo me te ahurea e whanake haere ana. Ko te mārama ki te iwi Maya ko te kite i tētahi ao hei mea ora—e huri ana, e mau tonu ana, ā, e waiho tonu ana i tōna tohu ki te ao hou.
