Te Emepaea Umayyad me te horapa o te Ihirama
Ko te Emepaea Umayyad (Bani Umayya) tētahi o ngā upoko tino nui o te hītori o te ao Ihirama. I puta ake tēnei whare ariki i muri i te kingitanga o ngā Caliph Rashidun, ā, koia te kāwanatanga Ihirama tuatahi ki te tango i te āhua o te kingitanga ariki, e kapi ana i tētahi rohe whānui. I raro i ngā Umayyad, i whanake te Ihirama ehara i te mea he karakia anake engari he pūnaha tōrangapū, whakahaere, ōhanga, me te ahurea hoki i horapa ki ngā whenua e toru. Ko tā rātou mahi nui rawa atu, e whakanuia ana i ngā wā katoa, ko tā rātou whakawhānui whenua angitu me te tere o te horapa o te Ihirama—nā roto i te raupatu, ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga, me te taunekeneke pāpori me ngā hapori o te rohe.
Te Papamuri ki te Whakatūnga o te Umayyad Dynasty
I te tau 661 CE ka eke te whānau Umayyad ki te mana, i te wā i whakatūria ai a Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan hei kalipa whai muri i te pakanga ā-roto i tohu i te mutunga o te kingitanga o Ali ibn Abi Talib. I nekehia te tari kāwanatanga mai i Medina ki Ramahiku (Hīria). He mea nui tēnei nekehanga nā te mea he wāhi rautaki a Ramahiku: e tata ana ki ngā huarahi hokohoko o te ao, he tikanga whakahaere Byzantine, ā, he māmā ake te whakahaere i te rohe e whānui haere ana.
I hurihia anō hoki te mata o te ao tōrangapū Ihirama e te whakatau ki te whakatū i tētahi kāwanatanga ariki. Ahakoa i mua ko te whiriwhiringa o ngā caliph te kaupapa matua o te whakaaroaro, i kitea i te wā Umayyad te ia o te tuku iho. I puta te whakahē a ētahi rōpū mō tēnei huringa, engari i hangaia hoki he taumata o te pumau tōrangapū i āwhina i te whakatairanga i te whānui me te whakakotahitanga o te rohe.
Te Whanuitanga o te Rohe: Mai i te Rawhiti ki te Hauāuru
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino kitea o te wā Umayyad ko tōna whānuitanga nui o te rohe. I horapa te mana whakahaere Ihirama ki Āwherika ki te Raki, ki te Iberian Peninsula (Pāniora me Potukara), ki Āhia Waenganui, tae noa ki ngā rohe o Īnia. I tutuki tēnei whānuitanga mā roto i ngā pakanga hōia kaha, engari kāore i te "whakahe" tonu te pānga ki te horapa o te Ihirama. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ko te tikanga o ngā raupatu he panoni i te mana tōrangapū, i te wā i whakaaetia ai ngā hapori o te rohe ki te whakamahi i ō rātou whakapono i raro i ētahi tikanga.
I te taha hauauru, nā te raupatu o Āwherika ki te Raki i huaki te ara ki Andalusia. I te tau 711 CE, i whiti te ope taua i raro i te kaiārahi a Tariq ibn Ziyad i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Gibraltar, ā, i raupatuhia te nuinga o te rohe o Visigothic. Nō muri mai, ko te noho mai o te Ihirama ki Andalusia tētahi o ngā pokapū ako me te ahurea tino kanapa i roto i te hītori o te ao, ā, nō muri mai ka awe i a Ūropi i roto i ngā mara o te pūtaiao, te rapunga whakaaro, te rongoā, me te hoahoanga.
I te rawhiti, nā te horapa ki Khorasan, Transoxiana (Āhia Waenga), me Sind (ngā wāhanga o Īnia-Pākistana) i hono atu ai ngā Mahometa ki ngā iwi nui pērā i a Pāhia me Īnia. Nā tēnei taunekeneke i whakarei ake te tikanga hinengaro Ihirama, ā, i tere te whakawhānui ake i te hapori Mahometa mā roto i ngā tukanga pāpori āta haere.
Te Tikanga o te Horahanga o te Ihirama i te Wā Umayyad
Kāore i te whakawhirinaki noa ki te kaha o te ope taua te horapa o te Ihirama i te wā o Umayyad. He maha ngā tikanga nui i whai wāhi ki te whakanui ake i tōna rongonuitanga me te whakaaetia i roto i ngā rohe hou.
1. Te Whakahaere me te Pūmautanga Tōrangapū
I whakawhanakehia e ngā Umayyad tētahi pūnaha whakahaere āhua hanganga. I whakatūria e rātou he kāwana ki ngā kawanatanga, i whakatūria he whatunga tari, ā, i pupuri i te haumarutanga o ngā huarahi hokohoko. Nā tēnei pumau i whakapiki ake te nekenekehanga o te tangata—ngā kaihokohoko, ngā tohunga, ngā hōia, me ngā kaimahi—nā rātou anō hoki i kawe mai ngā uara Ārapi me te Ihirama ki ngā rohe hou.
2. Te Whakarāpitanga me te Reo Ārapi
Ko tētahi kaupapa here nui ko te whaka-Arapia i te whakahaere. I te wā o te rangatiratanga o te Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705 CE), i hangaia te reo Ārapi hei reo mana mō te kāwanatanga, hei whakakapi i te reo Kariki i Hiria me te reo Pāhia i ngā rohe o mua o Sassanid. Nā tēnei kaupapa here i āwhina te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tōrangapū, ā, i whakanui ake i te mana o te reo Ārapi hei reo mātauranga, ture, me te whakapono. I roto i te wā, he maha ngā tāngata o te rohe i ako i te reo Ārapi mō ngā kaupapa ōhanga me te pāpori, ā, i whakatakoto i te ara mō te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te Quran me ngā whakaakoranga Ihirama.
3. Kaupapahere Ōhanga me te Moni
I whakatinanahia hoki e ngā Umayyad ngā whakarerekētanga ōhanga, tae atu ki te hanga i ā rātou ake moni Ihirama. Nā tēnei i whakakaha ake te tuakiri tōrangapū me te ōhanga o te kāwanatanga Ihirama. Nā te kaha ake o te hokohoko me te rere o te moni i hono ai ngā tāone nui pēnei i a Ramahiku, Cairo, Kairouan, me Cordoba. I roto i ēnei huarahi hokohoko i puta ai ngā taunekeneke ahurea-maha, ā, i horapa te Ihirama mā te hokohoko, te marena, me ngā whatunga pāpori.
4. Te Kauwhau a ngā Ulama me te Taunekeneke Hapori
Ahakoa ngā painga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga, ko te nuinga o te kauwhau Ihirama i mahia e ngā tohunga whakapono, ngā kaiwhakawā, me ngā kaiārahi hapori i heke ki ngā rohe hou. I noho ngā pokapū tāone hei pokapū mō te whakawhanaketanga o ngā whare karakia hei whare karakia, hei whare mātauranga hoki. Ko ngā taunekeneke o ia rā i waenga i ngā manene Muhirama me ngā kainoho o te rohe he mea nui ki te tahuritanga o ngā hapori ki te Ihirama, inā koa i te kitenga i ngā painga pāpori, matatika, me te hapori i whakatairangahia e ngā whakaakoranga Ihirama.
Ngā Wero: Ngā Rerekētanga Iwi me te Tūnga Hapori
Ahakoa te angitu o tōna whānui haere, i pāngia te whānau Umayyad e ngā wero pāpori-tōrangapū. Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te taupatupatu i waenganui i ngā Arapi me ngā tāngata ehara i te Arapi kua tahuri ki te Ihirama (mawali). Mō ētahi wā, i kiia ngā mawali he "akomanga tuarua" ki te whakataurite ki ngā Arapi Muslim, hei tauira, i roto i te urunga atu ki ētahi tūranga, ki ngā kaupapa here taake rānei i ētahi rohe. Nā tēnei koretake i ngoikore ai ngā Umayyad, ā, i whakatakoto i te ara mō tētahi kaupapa whakahē i arahina e ngā Abbasid.
Ahakoa rā, i haere tonu te tukanga o te Ihirama. I roto i te maha o ngā rohe, i āta haere te tahuritanga o ngā taupori o te rohe ki te Ihirama, kāore i te wā kotahi. I ētahi rohe, i tere haere nā te hokohoko me te tata o ngā ahurea, i ētahi atu, he maha ngā whakatipuranga i roa nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te reo, ngā tikanga tuku iho, me ngā hanganga pāpori o te rohe.
Taonga Tuku Iho me te Ao Tūroa
I mahue iho i ngā Umayyad tētahi taonga tuku iho nui o te ao tūroa. I roto i te hoahoanga, i hangaia e rātou ngā mahi toi whakahirahira pērā i te Dome of the Rock i Hiruharama me te Umayyad Mosque i Ramahiku. Kāore i te whakaatu noa ēnei whare i ngā whanaketanga o te toi me te hangarau engari i tohu hoki i te noho mai o te Ihirama i tētahi rohe i mua i raro i te mana o ētahi atu mana nui.
I Andalusia, i haere tonu te tikanga Umayyad ahakoa i muri i te hinganga o te kāwanatanga matua i Ramahiku. Ko te pumau o te Ihirama i Pāniora i roto i ngā rautau e whakaatu ana kāore i mutu tōna horapa i te raupatu tuatahi. I whanake te Ihirama hei tuakiri pāpori me te ahurea hohonu, ā, i puta ai he hapori ahurea maha i whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga Arapi, Berber, Rōmana, me te rohe.
Whakamutunga
He tūranga nui tā te Emepaea Umayyad i roto i te horapa o te Ihirama puta noa i te ao. Nā te whānui o te rohe, te whakatūnga o tētahi whakahaere whai hua, te whaka-Arapia, te whakapakari ōhanga, me ngā whanaketanga pāpori uaua, i whanake te Ihirama mai i tētahi hapori i te Peninsula Arapia ki tētahi ao whānui. Ahakoa te whakahē me te pakanga ā-roto, i angitu ngā Umayyad ki te whakatakoto i ngā turanga tōrangapū me te ahurea i awe i te hītori Ihirama i muri mai. Ko te horapa o te Ihirama i tēnei wā ehara i te mea nā te raupatu anake, engari nā ngā taunekeneke pāpori āta haere, ngā whatunga hokohoko, me ngā panonitanga ahurea—ko tētahi o ngā wā tino tautuhi i roto i te hītori o te ao.
