Te Whare Ariki o Qing me te Whakahoutanga o Haina
He tūranga motuhake tō te Whare Ariki o Qing (1644–1912) i roto i te hītori o Haina: koinei te whare ariki whakamutunga, ā, he piriti pakarukaru hoki ki te whānautanga o Haina hou. Neke atu i te toru rau tau te roa, i pāngia te iwi Qing e ngā wāhanga o te whānui me te whai rawa, kātahi ka pāngia e ngā ohorere nui mai i ngā huringa ōhanga o te ao, te urunga mai o te mana rangatira o te Hauāuru, me ngā raruraru ā-roto i akiaki i te whenua—āta haere engari he pono—ki te whakaaro anō me pēhea te whakahaere i tana kāwanatanga, tana ope taua, tana pūtaiao, me tana hapori. Kāore e taea te mārama ki te ao hou o Haina me te kore e tirotirohia te urupare a te iwi Qing ki ēnei wero: i ētahi wā he urutau, he maha ngā wā kua roa rawa, ā, i te mutunga kāore e ranea hei whakaora i te mana ariki.
Ko te papamuri o te whakatūnga o Qing me te hanganga mana
I whakatūria te whare rangatira o Qing e ngā Manchu mai i te raki-mā-rāwhiti. Whai muri i te hinganga o te Whare Ariki o Ming nā te pakanga ā-roto me te whakakeke, ka tomo ngā ope taua o Manchu ki Beijing i te tau 1644, ā, ka whakakaha i tō rātou mana. Hei whakahaere i te rohe whānui, ko te nuinga o te iwi Han, i whakawhanakehia e te Qing he rautaki whakahaere i whakakotahi i te mana hōia o Manchu (te pūnaha "Eight Charles") me te tari whakahaere Confucius i whakatōkia i te wā o mua. I puritia te pūnaha whakamātautau emepaea, e āhei ai ngā tohunga Han ki te haere tonu i ā rātou mahi whakahaere, i te wā e whakahaeretia ana te pono tōrangapū mā roto i ngā hanganga emepaea me ngā whatunga tirotiro.
I ngā rautau 17 me 18, i eke te Emepaea Qing ki tōna taumata tiketike i te wā e noho ana ngā emepara o Kangxi, Yongzheng, me Qianlong. I whānui te emepaea, i mau tonu te pumau, ā, i tupu te ōhanga ahuwhenua. Heoi, i hunaia e tēnei angitu ngā raruraru hanganga: te pahūtanga o te taupori, te pēhanga ki runga i te whenua ahuwhenua, te pirau ā-tari, me te whakaroa hangarau i muri i ngā mana ahumahi e tipu haere ana o Ūropi.
Te tukinga ki te ao hou: te hokohoko me ngā Pakanga Ōpiuma
Ko ngā tīmatanga o te ao hou—arā, ko te "urutau ā-ture"—i puta mai i te pakanga a te Qing ki tētahi pūnaha ōhanga o te ao e tere hurihuri ana. I te rautau 18, i piki ake te hokohoko ki a Ūropi, engari i aukati te Qing i ngā whanaungatanga hokohoko mā te pūnaha Canton. Nā te mea i pāngia a Peretānia e te nama hiriwa nā te kawemai o te tī me te hiraka mai i Haina, i whakatenatenahia te hokohoko opium mai i Īnia ki te mākete Haina. He kino te pānga ki te hauora pāpori, ā, i whakararu i te pumau ōhanga.
I te ngana a te kāwanatanga o Qing ki te aukati i te hokohoko opium, ka pakaru te pakanga ki Peretānia, ka puta ko ngā Pakanga Opium (1839–1842) me te Pakanga Opium Tuarua (1856–1860). Ehara i te mea ko te pakanga anake te hinganga o te Qing, engari ko te hinengaro me te whakahaere: nā te raupapa o ngā "tiriti kore taurite" i akiaki te whakatuwheratanga o ngā tauranga, te tuku whakaaetanga, ngā mana whenua ki waho mō ngā tāngata whenua ke, me te tukunga o ngā rohe (pērā i a Hong Kong). Koinei te wāhi i noho ai te whakahoutanga hei kaupapa e kore e taea te karo: i kite te Qing kāore i te rawaka ngā patu tuku iho, ngā kaipuke, me ngā whakahaere hōia ki te tu atu i ngā tono a tētahi iwi ahumahi.
Te raruraru ā-roto: te whakakeke nui me te ngoikore o te kāwanatanga
I tūtaki ngā pēhanga o waho ki ngā pahūtanga o roto. Ko te Whakakeketanga o Taiping (1850–1864) tētahi o ngā pakanga ā-iwi tino whakamate i roto i te hītori o te tangata. I whakakorikoria e ia te ōhanga, te whakahaere, me te mana o Qing. Haunga a Taiping, i reira anō te whakakeketanga o Nian, me ngā pakanga i te tonga-mā-uru me te raki-mā-uru. Hei pehi i te ngangau, i whakawhirinaki haere te Qing ki ngā ope taua ā-rohe i arahina e ngā rangatira ā-rohe pērā i a Zeng Guofan rāua ko Li Hongzhang. I roto i te wā poto, i whai hua tēnei rautaki; engari i roto i te wā roa, i ngoikore te mana whakahaere matua, ā, i whakatakoto i te ara mō te wehewehenga o te mana ka tohu i muri mai i te wā o te rangatira pakanga.
I whakakitea mai hoki e tēnei raruraru ā-roto tētahi akoranga kino: ehara i te mea ko te hoko patu anake te kaupapa o te ao hou, engari ko te kaha o te kāwanatanga—te moni whiwhi, te whakahaere, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te kaha ki te whakauru i ngā rohe whānui.
Te Kaupapa Whakakaha-i-a-Iho: Te Whakahoutanga "Ngakau-Haurua"
Ko te kaupapa whakahou nui rawa atu o waenganui o te wā Qing i mōhiotia ko te Kaupapa Whakakaha-Whaiaro, i tīmata i te tekau tau atu i 1860. He maha ngā wā ka whakarāpopototia ōna mātāpono hei "whakamahi i te hangarau o te Hauāuru hei whakapakari i te tikanga Confucius," he rongonui ake rānei: "te pūtaiao o te Hauāuru hei whakamahi ā-tinana, ngā uara Hainamana hei pūtake." I uru atu ki te kaupapa te hanganga o ngā wāhi hanga kaipuke me ngā whare patu, te hoko mīhini, te whakatūnga o ngā wheketere patu, te whakawhanaketanga o te waea, me te whakatūnga o ngā kura reo ke me ngā whare whakamāori.
I ētahi rāngai, i kitea te ahunga whakamua tūturu: te whānautanga o ngā ahumahi tōmua, te pikinga ake o ngā kaha hanga patu, me te tipu o te tari hangarau. Heoi, he ngoikoretanga nui tō tēnei kaupapa. Tuatahi, kāore te whakahoutanga i haere tahi me te whakahoutanga tōrangapū me te whakahoutanga whakahaere whānui. Tuarua, he maha ngā wā i whakahaerehia ai ngā kaupapa e ngā rangatira rohe whakataetae, ā, i hua ake ai he ngoikore o te mahi tahi ā-motu. Tuatoru, ko te pirau me te ātete mai i ngā kaitiaki i aukati i te huringa. I noho te whakahoutanga hei "mahi tāpiri" ki te kawanatanga tawhito, ehara i te whakahoutanga hanganga.
I kitea mārama ēnei herenga i te Pakanga Sino-Hapanihi (1894–1895). Nā Hapani i whakatinana te Whakaora Meiji me ngā whakarerekētanga whānui i tere ai te hinganga o te Qing. Nā tēnei hinganga i whakakorikori te whakapono he "rawa" te hangarau. I kitea ko ngā umanga he mea nui: te mātauranga hou, te mātātoa ā-motu, te ahumahi whakauru, me te kāwanatanga e kaha ana ki te whakaoho rauemi.
Te Whakahoutanga o te Rau Rā me te tauhohenga a te hunga matatika
I muri i te hinganga o Hapani, he maha ngā tohunga hinengaro me ngā āpiha whakahou i akiaki i ngā huringa nui ake. Ko te Rau Rā Whakahou (1898), e pā ana ki te Emepara o Guangxu me ngā tino tangata pēnei i a Kang Youwei rāua ko Liang Qichao, i whai kia whakahoutia ngā pūnaha mātauranga, whakahaere, me te ōhanga, me te whakamahi i te hihiri o Hapani me te Hauāuru. Heoi, i tūpono ēnei whakahoutanga ki te ātete kaha mai i ngā rōpū matatika i roto i te kooti, inā koa ko te Emepara Wahine a Cixi. I hinga ngā whakahoutanga, he maha ngā tino tangata i hopukina, i whakamatea rānei, ā, i ngaro te kaha nui o te whenua.
Nā tēnei korenga i whānui ake te āputa i waenganui i te kāwanatanga me te hunga hou kua mātau. He tokomaha haere te hunga i whakatau kāore e taea te angitu o te ao hou mēnā ka mau tonu te mana kīngi tuturu.
Te Raruraru Boxer me ngā "Kaupapa Here Hou": te whakahoutanga o muri
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i kitea te whakakeke a te Boxer (1899–1901), he kaupapa whakahē i ngā iwi ke i arahi atu ai ki te wawaotanga a te kotahitanga o ngā iwi e waru, me te hinganga o te Qing. He mea whakamīharo, nā tēnei korenga i ara ake ai ngā whakarerekētanga nui ake: ko ngā "Kaupapa Here Hou" (Xinzheng) mai i te tau 1901. I tīmata te kāwanatanga ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha mātauranga hou, te tuku ākonga ki tāwāhi, te whakarerekē i te ope taua (tae atu ki te hanganga o te Ope Taua Hou), te whakapai ake i te whakahaere pūtea, me te mea nui rawa atu - te whakakore i te pūnaha whakamātautau tawhito i te tau 1905.
Ko te whakakorenga o ngā whakamātautau tawhito he tohu i tētahi huringa nui. Mō ngā rautau, ko ngā whakamātautau tuhinga a Confucius te huarahi matua ki te tari kāwanatanga me te mana pāpori. I te wā i whakakorengia ai te pūnaha, i whakatū te Qing i te ara mō tētahi rangatira hou: ngā kaiako kura hou, ngā kairīpoata, ngā tohunga hangarau, ngā āpiha hōia whakangungua, me ngā kaiwhakahē tōrangapū. Heoi, i tae mai tēnei whakahoutanga i muri rawa. I ruia te hanganga tawhito me te kore e nui te wā hei whakatū i te mana hou.
Ki te hinganga o te Qing me te whānautanga o Haina hou
I puta mai anō hoki ngā hua ohorere i te whakahoutanga o te wā o Qing: i hangaia e ngā umanga hou ngā mana pāpori he uaua ki te whakahaere e te kooti. Hei tauira, ko te Ope Taua Hou te turanga mō ngā rōpū hurihuri maha. I taua wā anō, ka tipu haere te iwi ā-motu me te whakama o te katoa mō ngā hinganga o tāwāhi me te riri ki ngā whakaaetanga imperialist. Ko ngā tāngata pēnei i a Sun Yat-sen me tana whatunga hurihuri i hora i ngā whakaaro mō te mana rīpupirikana, te mana ture, me te "whakaoranga ā-motu."
I te tau 1911, ka pahū te Huringa Xinhai, i puta mai i te Whakakeketanga o Wuchang. I roto i te wā poto, ka whakapuakina e ngā kawanatanga tō rātou wehenga mai i te Qing. I te tau 1912, ka whakarērea e te emepara whakamutunga, a Puyi, te tūnga rangatira, ka tohu i te mutunga o te wā emepaea me te whānautanga o te Repupiripia o Haina. Ehara i te mea ko te hinganga o te Qing he hua noa iho o te whakaekenga mai o tāwāhi, o te whakakeke rānei, engari he huinga o te raruraru mana, te ngoikore o ngā umanga, me te whakahoutanga koretake.
Whakamutunga: te taonga tuku iho o te ao hou o Qing
I waiho iho e te whare rangatira o Qing tētahi āhuatanga rerekē ki te ao hou o Haina. I tētahi taha, i whakawhānui ake te rohe o Qing, ā, i whakau i te kāwanatanga mō te wā roa, me te whakarato i ngā whakaritenga whakahaere mō tētahi kāwanatanga nui. I tētahi atu taha, he maha ngā wā i āraihia ai, i wehewehea ai hoki te urupare a te Qing ki te ao hou o te ao, ā, i ārai i ngā whakahoutanga e hiahiatia ana ki te aro atu ki ngā take matua: te kaha o te kāwanatanga me te hanganga tōrangapū. Heoi anō, ko te wāhanga whakamutunga o te ao hou o Qing—te mātauranga hou, te whakahoutanga hōia, ngā huringa tari—i whakatū i tētahi turanga pāpori me te umanga ka whai mana tonu ki Haina i te rautau 20.
Nō reira, ehara te whakahoutanga o Haina i te kōrero noa iho mō te "whakaroa," engari he kōrero mō te pakanga: i waenganui i te tikanga tuku iho me te huringa, i waenganui i te mana motuhake me te pēhanga o te ao, me waenganui i te whakahoutanga āta haere me ngā tono o te hurihanga. Ahakoa i rahua te Whare Ariki o Qing ki te tiaki i te mana ariki, i noho ko ia te atamira matua i puta tuatahi ai te pakanga nui mō Haina hou.
