Te Hītori o te Kitenga o te Pūtake Atomika
Ko te kitenga o te karihi ngota tētahi o ngā tohu nui rawa atu o te hītori pūtaiao, he pānga nui ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te hanganga o te matū. Kei roto i tōna hītori he maha ngā whakamātautau nui me ngā rautau o te whakaaro pūtaiao. Ko te tirohanga hōhonu tēnei ki te āhua o te kitenga me te whanaketanga o te ariā o te karihi ngota.
Te rautau 19: Ngā Pūtake me ngā Whakapae o Mua
I te mutunga o te rautau 19, ko te tirohanga a te ngota i ahu mai i te Tauira Pūtini Paramu i whakatakotoria e J.J. Thomson i te tau 1904. I roto i tēnei tauira, i whakaahuahia te ngota hei "pūtini" utu pai me ngā "rēmana" o ngā irahiko e marara ana puta noa. I kitea e Thomson te irahiko i te tau 1897, ko te matūriki iti-ngota tuatahi i tautuhia. Heoi, ahakoa he mea hou tana kitenga, i hiahiatia he whakaritenga mō ngā irahiko i roto i tētahi hanganga ngota taipitopito ake.
Te Whakamātautau Geiger-Marsden (1909—1911): He Wāhi Hurihanga Nui
Ko tētahi whakamātautau nui i puta ai he panoni nui ki te māramatanga ki te hanganga ngota ko te whakamātautau i mōhiotia ko te Whakamātautau Geiger-Marsden, ko te Whakamātautau Pirau Koura rānei, i whakahaerehia e Hans Geiger rāua ko Ernest Marsden i raro i te arataki a Ernest Rutherford.
I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, i tukuna he hihi o ngā matūriki ārepa (ngā matūriki utu pai i tukuna e ngā huānga irahiko pērā i te rādium) ki tētahi pepa angiangi o te pepa koura. E ai ki te Tauira Pūtini Paramu, me uru ngā matūriki ki roto i te pepa me te iti o te rerekētanga nā te tohatoha ōrite o te utu. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua he mea tino rerekē: ahakoa te nuinga o ngā matūriki ārepa i uru ki roto i te pepa e ai ki te whakaaro, he iti noa ngā matūriki i peke atu i ngā koki tino nui, ko ētahi i peke atu ki te pūtake.
Te Tauira Atomika a Rutherford (1911): Te Pūtake Atomika Tuatahi
I whakatau a Rutherford kāore e taea e te Tauira Pūtini Paramu te whakamārama i tēnei āhuatanga. Nō reira, i whakaarohia e ia tētahi tauira ngota hou e mōhiotia ana ko te Tauira Rutherford, ko te Tauira Pūnaha Rā o Rutherford rānei i te tau 1911. I roto i tēnei tauira, ko te ngota he karihi iti, tino kikī, he pai te utu kei waenganui, ā, ka neke ngā irahiko huri noa i tēnei karihi, he rite ki ngā aorangi e porowhita ana i te rā.
I whakaatu a Rutherford he tino iti te karihi i te rahi katoa o te ngota. Ahakoa i tino angitu tēnei tauira ki te whakamārama i ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau pirau koura, he ngoikore anō hoki ōna, inā koa mō te pumau o ngā irahiko e porowhita ana i te karihi, i whakaarohia ka taka ki roto i te karihi nā te irahiko hikohiko e tukuna ana.
Te Whanaketanga Anō: Te Tauira Atomika a Bohr (1913)
E rua tau i muri i te whakaurunga mai o Rutherford i tana tauira karihi, ka whakawhānui ake a Niels Bohr, he tohunga ahupūngao ariā o Tenemāka, i te tauira ngota a Rutherford mā te whakauru i te tikanga matūriki. I whakaaro a Bohr ka neke ngā irahiko i roto i ngā porowhita pumau, motuhake huri noa i te karihi, ā, ka taea anake te huri i ngā kaha o ngā irahiko mā roto i ngā peke matūriki i waenganui i ēnei porowhita. He mea nui te tauira a Bohr ki te whakamārama i te whānuitanga rārangi hauwai, kāore i taea e te tauira a Rutherford te whakamārama.
Whakarei ake i te Ariā Matua: Te Kitea o ngā Porotini me ngā Neutron
Ahakoa i whakaarohia e Rutherford te noho o te karihi i waenganui o te ngota, kāore anō kia tino mārama te āhua o te hanganga o te karihi. I te tau 1918, i whakamātauhia e Rutherford te noho o ngā porotona—ngā matūriki utu pai i roto i te karihi ngota—mā roto i āna whakamātautau ki te hauota.
Heoi, kāore e taea te tito i te karihi ngota ki ngā porotana anake nā te mea he nui ake te papatipu o te karihi i te tapeke o ngā papatipu o ngā porotana i roto. Nā tēnei i ara ake ai te whakapae he matūriki kē atu kei roto i te karihi. I te tau 1932, i kitea e James Chadwick te niutoro, he matūriki kūpapa he tata rite te papatipu ki te porotana, ā, nā tēnei i āwhina ki te whakamārama i te papatipu tāpiri o te karihi ngota.
Te Kitea Anō o ngā Isotopes me te Hanganga Karihi
I te kitenga o ngā pūrotana me ngā irahiko, ka puta te ariā o ngā irahiko. Ko ngā irahiko he momo rerekē o tētahi huānga matū he rite te maha o ngā pūrotana engari he rerekē te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i ō rātou karihi ngota. Mā tēnei ka rerekē ngā taumaha ngota o te huānga matū kotahi.
I whakaatuhia anō hoki i roto i tētahi rangahau anō mō te hanganga karihi te aroaro o te kaha karihi kaha, he kaha e pupuri ana i ngā porotona me ngā iōnitora kia noho tahi i roto i te karihi ahakoa te pana hikohiko i waenga i ngā porotona.
Te Pānga o te Kitea o te Pūtake Atomika
Nā te kitenga o te karihi ngota, ehara i te mea i whakamārama noa i te hanganga o te ngota, engari i whakatakoto hoki i te ara mō te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao me te matū karihi hou. Nā te mārama ki te karihi i taea ai te hanga i ngā hangarau pēnei i te tauhohenga karihi me te poma ngota. Ko ngā tikanga whakaahua hauora pēnei i te Positron Emission Tomography (PET) me te Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) e ahu mai ana hoki i te mōhiotanga ki te whanonga o ngā ngota me ngā matūriki iti-ngota.
He nui hoki te takoha a te rangahau mō te karihi ngota ki te miihini irahiko me te tauira paerewa o ngā matūriki e uru ana ngā kuaraka, ngā kuruona, me ngā taunekeneke karihi. E whakaatu ana tēnei whakatutukitanga i te hiranga o te kitenga o te karihi ngota i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao.
Whakamutunga
Nā te kitenga o te karihi ngota me ngā ariā e pā ana ki tēnei mea kua hurihia te mata o te ahupūngao me te matū, ā, kua whakaratohia he māramatanga taketake mō te mea e hanga ana i te ao. Mai i te Tauira Pūtini Paramu a J.J. Thomson ki te whakamātautau Geiger-Marsden me te kitenga a Rutherford i te karihi, me ētahi atu whanaketanga a ngā kaipūtaiao pērā i a Bohr rāua ko Chadwick, e whakaatu ana te haerenga o te kitenga i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao mā te mahi tahi, te whakamātautau, me te whakapau kaha ki te mārama ki te ao e karapoti nei i a tātou. Ehara i te mea kua whakarei ake ēnei kitenga i te pūtaiao anake, engari kua hurihia hoki te hangarau me te oranga tangata.
