Tātai Whakaahua Whakaata Kōpiko
Ko te whakaata piko he momo whakaata piko me te mata whakaata e piko ana ki roto, pērā i te roto o te peihana. He maha ngā whakamahinga o ēnei whakaata i roto i te oranga o ia rā me ngā mara pūtaiao. Ko tētahi mea nui hei mārama mō ngā whakaata piko ko te āhua o te hanganga o ngā whakaahua me te pēhea e taea ai e tātou te tatau i te tūranga, te rahi, me ngā āhuatanga o aua whakaahua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te tātai whakaahua mō te whakaata piko, ngā āhuatanga o ngā whakaahua i hangaia, me ō rātou whakamahinga.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakaata Kōpiko
He whakaata kōpiko te whakaata e piko ana tōna mata whakaata ki roto ki te pūtake mārama. He rerekē ki te whakaata papatahi, e whakaata noa ana i te mārama, ka whakaata te whakaata kōpiko i te mārama kia huihui ai ngā hihi e rite ana ki te tuaka matua o te whakaata ki tētahi pūwāhi kotahi e kiia nei ko te pūwāhi arotahi.
Ngā Tātai Hiranga mō ngā Whakaata Kōpiko
Hei mārama ki te hanganga o ngā whakaahua i roto i ngā whakaata kōpiko, he maha ngā tātai me ngā ariā matua me mōhio koe. Anei ētahi tātai nui e whakamahia ana i roto i te tātaritanga o ngā whakaahua i roto i ngā whakaata kōpiko:
1. Tātai Arotahi
Ko te pūwāhi arotahi (F) te pūwāhi e tūtaki ai ngā hihi mārama e whakarara ana ki te tuaka matua o te whakaata i muri i te whakaatahia e te whakaata. Ko te tawhiti mai i te whakaata ki te pūwāhi arotahi ka kiia ko te roa arotahi (f). Ka taea te tatau i te roa arotahi o te whakaata piko mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ f = \frac{R}{2} \]
kāore i te mana:
– Ko te roa arotahi ko \( f \),
– Ko te \( R \) te pūtoro o te piko o te whakaata.
2. Whārite Whakaata (Tātai Hanga Atarangi)
Hei whakatau i te tūranga me ngā āhuatanga o te ahua i hangaia e te whakaata kōpiko, ka whakamahia e mātou te whārite whakaata, e kīia ana penei:
\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
kāore i te mana:
– Ko te roa arotahi ko \( f \),
– Ko te \( d_o \) te tawhiti o te mea mai i te whakaata,
– Ko te \( d_i \) te tawhiti o te ahua mai i te whakaata.
3. Whakanui Whakaahua
Ko te whakanui (m) te ōwehenga i waenga i te teitei o te ahua (\( h_i \)) me te teitei o te mea (\( h_o \)). Ka taea hoki te whakaatu i te whakanui mā te tawhiti:
\[ m = \frac{h_i}{h_o} = -\frac{d_i}{d_o} \]
Ko te tohu kino i roto i tēnei tātai e tohu ana kua hurihia te ahua i hangaia e pā ana ki te mea.
Ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Atarangi i roto i ngā Whakaata Kōpiko
He maha ngā āhuatanga o te ahua i hangaia e te whakaata kōpiko, i runga i te tūranga o te mea e pā ana ki te pūwāhi arotahi me te pokapū piko o te whakaata. Anei ētahi putanga pea:
1. Ngā mea kei waho o te pokapū o te piko (d_o > R)
Ki te whakanohoia te mea ki waho o te pokapū piko (neke atu i te rua o te roa arotahi), ko te ahua ka hangaia ko:
– Kei waenganui i te pokapū piko me te pūwāhi arotahi (R > d_i > f).
– Tūturu (ka taea te hopu ki te mata).
- Whakamuri.
– Kua whakaitihia.
2. Te Mea kei te Pokapū o te Piko (d_o = R)
Ki te whakanohoia he mea ki waenganui pū o te piko, ka pēnei te ahua i hangaia:
– Kei te pokapū piko kotahi me te mea (d_i = R).
- Tūturu.
- Whakamuri.
– Pērā i te rahi o te mea.
3. Ngā Mea i waenganui i te Pokapū o te Piko me te Pūwāhi Arotahi (R > d_o > f)
Ki te whakanohoia he mea ki waenganui i te pokapū piko me te pūwāhi arotahi, ka pēnei te ahua i hangaia:
– Kei waho o te pokapū o te piko (d_i > R).
- Tūturu.
- Whakamuri.
– Kua whakanuia.
4. Te Mea kei te Pūwāhi Arotahi (d_o = f)
Ki te whakanohoia te mea ki te pūwāhi arotahi, ko te ahua ka hangaia koia tēnei:
– Kei te mutunga kore (kāore te ahua i hangaia i te tawhiti e taea te ine).
– Ehara te atarangi i te mea tūturu (kāore e taea te hopu ki te mata).
- Whakamuri.
– Tino nui (whakanuia mutunga kore).
5. Ngā Mea i waenganui i te Pūwāhi Arotahi me te Whakaata (d_o < f)
Ki te whakanohoia he mea ki waenganui i te pūwāhi arotahi me te whakaata, ko te ahua ka hangaia koia tēnei:
– Kei muri i te whakaata (he kino te d_i, e tohu ana i te ahua mariko).
– Maya (kāore e taea te hopu ki te mata).
– Tū tika.
– Kua whakanuia.
Ngā Taupānga Whakaata Kōpiko
He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā whakaata kōpiko i roto i te oranga o ia rā me ngā hangarau hou. Anei ētahi tauira:
1. Whakaata i runga i te Rama
E whakamahia ana ngā whakaata kōpiko hei whakaata i roto i ngā rama rama hei kohikohi me te arotahi i te mārama mai i te pūtake mārama hei whakaputa i tētahi hihi mārama kaha, whai aronga hoki.
2. Karuārai me te Karuārai
I roto i ngā taputapu whatu pērā i te karu hiko me te karu tiro, ka whakamahia ngā whakaata piko hei kohikohi māramatanga, hei whakanui ake hoki i te ahua o tētahi mea kia mārama ake ai te kitea.
3. Pūrere Kohikohi Mārama
E whakamahia ana ngā whakaata kōpiko i roto i ngā taputapu kohikohi mārama pērā i ngā karu whakaata hei kohikohi i te mārama mai i ngā mea o te rangi i tawhiti, hei arotahi hoki ki tētahi pūwāhi arotahi hei tirotiro pai ake.
4. Whakaata Whakapaipai
E whakamahia ana ngā whakaata kōpiko hei whakaata whakapaipai nā te mea ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā whakaata o te kanohi, ā, ka māmā ake te paninga o te whakapaipai.
5. Ōumu Rā
I roto i te oumu pūngao-rā, ka whakamahia he whakaata kōpiko hei kohikohi i te hihi o te rā, hei arotahi hoki ki tētahi pūwāhi kotahi hei whakaputa i te wera hei tunu kai.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu whatu nui ngā whakaata piko, he maha ngā whakamahinga i roto i te oranga o ia rā me te hangarau. Ko te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ahua o ngā whakaata piko, pērā i te roa arotahi, te whārite whakaata, me te whakanui, he mea nui ki te tātari me te matapae i te tūranga, te rahi, me ngā āhuatanga o te ahua ka puta. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei mātāpono, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i ngā whakaata piko mō ngā momo kaupapa mahi, mai i te whakamārama ki te mātakitaki pūtaiao. Mā tēnei mōhiotanga hoki ka whakaratohia he turanga pakari mō te mārama ki ngā ariā whatu me te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau whatu matatau ake.
