Te Tātai Taketake a Black
Ko te Mātāpono a Black he ariā taketake i roto i te ahupūngao e pā ana ki te whakawhiti wera. Nā Joseph Black, he tohunga ahupūngao me te matū Kōtimana o te rautau 18 i whakauru mai. He mea nui tēnei hei mārama ki te whakawhiti wera mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu, ā, he whānuitia ngā tono i roto i ngā mara mai i te hangarau ki te pūtaiao taiao. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā taketake o te Mātāpono a Black, ōna tono, me te whakarato i ētahi tauira mahi hei whakarato i tētahi māramatanga whānui.
Ngā Ariā Taketake
E pā ana te Mātāpono a Black ki te ture tiaki pūngao i roto i te horopaki o te whakawhiti wera. Ko te ariā matua ko te wā e pā ana ngā mea e rua i ngā pāmahana rerekē, ka whakawhiti te wera mai i te mea wera ki te mea mātao kia tae rā anō ki te taurite wera, arā, ina ōrite ō rāua pāmahana.
Mā te pāngarau, ka taea te whakaatu i te Tātai Mātāpono a Black penei:
\[ Q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T \]
Kei hea:
– Ko te \( Q \) te nui o te wera ka mimitia, ka tukuna rānei (i roto i ngā joule, J)
– Ko te taumaha o te mea (i roto i ngā kirokaramu, kg) ko te \( m \)
– Ko te kaha wera motuhake o te mea (i roto i ngā joule ia kirokaramu ia nekehanga Celsius, J/kg°C)
– Ko te \( \Delta T \) te huringa o te pāmahana o te mea (i roto i ngā nekehanga Celsius, °C)
Ka whakakotahihia e tēnei tātai ngā taurangi matua e toru o te whakawhiti wera: te papatipu, te kaha wera motuhake, me te huringa pāmahana. Ko te kaha wera motuhake (\(c \)) te nui o te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei whakaara ake i te pāmahana o te kotahi kirokaramu o tētahi mea mā te kotahi nekehanga Celsius.
Te Whakamahinga i roto i te Oranga o Ia Rā
He maha ngā whakamahinga o te tātai matua a Black. Ko tētahi tauira ko te whakatau i te huringa pāmahana o te wai ina konatunatua ki te hukapapa. Hei tauira, ki te hiahia tātou ki te mōhio ki te nui o te hukapapa e hiahiatia ana hei whakamatao i tētahi nui o te wai, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i tēnei tātai.
Ko tētahi atu tauira kei roto i te hangarau miihini, me mārama ngā kaihangarau ki te whakawhiti wera i roto i ngā miihini hei ārai i te wera nui. Mā te mārama pai ki te Mātāpono a Black ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha whakamatao whai hua.
Hei tāpiritanga, i roto i te umanga kai me te inu, ka whakamahia tēnei tauira hei whakahaere i te pāmahana i te wā e tunu ana, e rongoa ana rānei. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene aihikirīmi te kaupapa o te whakawhiti wera hei whakarite kia noho tio tonu ā rātou hua i te wā e tohatoha ana.
Tauira Tātaitanga
Hei whakamārama ake i te whakamahinga o te Tātai Mātāpono Pango, anei tētahi tauira tātaitanga:
Me kī he 2 kg te wai kei te 20°C, ā, e hiahia ana tātou ki te whakapiki i te pāmahana ki te 100°C. Ko te kaha wera motuhake o te wai he 4.186 J/kg°C. E hia te kaha e hiahiatia ana?
Mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ Q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T \]
Ka whakakapia e mātou ngā uara e mōhiotia ana:
\[ Q = 2 \, \kuputuhi{kg} \times 4.186 \, \kuputuhi{J/kg°C} \times (100°C – 20°C) \]
\[ Q = 2 \, \kuputuhi{kg} \times 4.186 \, \kuputuhi{J/kg°C} \times 80°C \]
\[ Q = 669.76 \, \kJ} \]
Nō reira, e 669.76 kJ te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei whakaara ake i te pāmahana o te 2 kg o te wai mai i te 20°C ki te 100°C.
Taurite Wera
Ko tētahi whakamahinga nui o te Mātāpono a Black ko te mārama ki te taurite wera. Ina pā atu ngā mea e rua i ngā pāmahana rerekē tetahi ki tetahi, ka whakawhiti wera rāua kia tae rā anō ki te taurite wera. I tēnei wā, he ōrite te pāmahana o ngā mea e rua, ā, kāore he whakawhiti wera kupenga i waenganui i a rāua.
He mea nui tēnei ariā i roto i ngā mara maha, tae atu ki te hangarau, te āhuarangi, tae atu ki te koiora. Hei tauira, i roto i te pūnaha whakamatao o te waka, ka eke te whakamatao me te miihini ki te taurite wera hei ārai i te wera nui o te miihini.
Te Pānga o te Pūngao Wera Motuhake
Ko te kaha wera motuhake (\(c\)) o tētahi rauemi he mea nui hei whakatau i te urupare a te rauemi ki ngā huringa pāmahana. Ka nui ake te pūngao e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi rauemi he nui tōna kaha wera motuhake hei whakarerekē i tōna pāmahana i tētahi rauemi he iti tōna kaha wera motuhake.
Hei tauira, he tino teitei te kaha wera motuhake o te wai, arā, ka taea e ia te mimiti, te tuku rānei i te nui o te wera me te kore e pāngia e te huringa nui o te pāmahana. Koia te take e whakamahia ai te wai hei whakamatao i roto i ngā mahi maha, tae atu ki ngā whakamahana waka me ngā pūnaha whakamatao tipu hiko.
Whakamātautau Māmā
Hei mārama ake i te Mātāpono a Black, ka taea e tātou te whakahaere i tētahi whakamātautau māmā ki te kāinga. Hei tauira, ka taea e tātou te whakaranu i te wai wera me te wai matao, ka ine i te pāmahana whakamutunga o te ranunga. Mā te whakamahi i te Mātāpono a Black, ka taea e tātou te matapae i te pāmahana whakamutunga, me te whakarite ki ngā hua o te whakamātautau.
Me kī ka whakaranua e tātou te 1 kg o te wai i te 80°C me te 1 kg o te wai i te 20°C. Mā te whakamahi i te mātāpono o te taurite wera, ka taea e tātou te tatau i te pāmahana whakamutunga o te ranunga. Nā te mea he ōrite te papatipu me te kaha wera motuhake o te wai, ka taea te tatau i te pāmahana whakamutunga hei toharite o ngā pāmahana tīmatanga:
\[ \text{Pamahana whakamutunga} = \frac{(m_1 \cdot T_1) + (m_2 \cdot T_2)}{m_1 + m_2} \]
\[ \text{Pamahana whakamutunga} = \frac{(1 \, \text{kg} \cdot 80°C) + (1 \, \text{kg} \cdot 20°C)}{1 \, \text{kg} + 1 \, \text{kg}} \]
\[ \text{Pamahana whakamutunga} = \frac{80 + 20}{2} \]
\[ \text{Pamahana whakamutunga} = 50°C \]
Mā ēnei momo whakamātautau ka whakapakari ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā mātāpono o te whakawhiti wera me te taurite wera.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mātāpono a Black he ariā taketake i roto i te ahupūngao e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te mārama ki te whakawhiti wera i waenga i ngā mea. Mā te whakakotahi i te papatipu, te kaha wera motuhake, me te huringa pāmahana, ka taea e tātou te tatau i te nui o te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei whakarerekē i te pāmahana o tētahi mea. He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o tēnei ariā i roto i te oranga o ia rā me ngā mara ahumahi.
Mā te mārama pai ki te Mātāpono a Black ka taea e tātou te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha whai hua ake, me te mārama ake ki ngā tukanga wera. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira mahi me ngā whakamātautau māmā, ka kitea te hiranga o tēnei mātāpono i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o ō tātou oranga.
