Tuhinga
He wāhanga hiko kore mahi ngā ātete, he mea nui ki ngā momo ara iahiko hiko. Hei wāhanga matua o te hoahoa me te whakahaere ara iahiko, ka āwhina ngā ātete ki te whakahaere i te rere o te iahiko hiko, te wehewehe i te ngaohiko, me te tiaki i ētahi atu wāhanga mai i te kino i puta mai i te nui o te iahiko. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ātete i roto i ngā taipitopito, mai i tō rātou whakamāramatanga me ngā mātāpono mahi ki ō rātou momo me ngā tono i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko.
Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Mātāpono Mahi
He wāhanga te ātete i hangaia hei whakaiti, hei aukati rānei i te rere o te iahiko hiko i roto i tētahi ara iahiko. E ai ki te ture a Ohm, ko te ātete (R) o tētahi ātete ka whakaaturia i roto i te ohms (Ω) ā, ka tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ R = \frac{V}{I} \]
Ko \( V \) te ngaohiko puta noa i te ātete, ā, ko \( I \) te ia e rere ana i roto. Ko te kaupapa matua o te mahi a te ātete ko te ture a Ohm, e kī ana ko te ngaohiko puta noa i te ātete he rite tonu ki te ia e rere ana i roto, me te pumau o te taurite e kiia nei ko te ātete.
Ngā momo ātete
He maha ngā āhua, ngā rahi, me ngā momo o ngā ātete, i runga i ngā hiahia tono motuhake. Anei ētahi o ngā momo ātete e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
1. Ngā Ātete Pūmau (Ngā Ātete Pūmau)
– Ngā Ātete Kiriata Waro: He mea hanga mai i tētahi paparanga waro kua whakatakotoria ki runga i tētahi papa uku. He iti te utu me te pumau o ēnei ātete.
– Ngā Ātete Kiriata Whakarewa: I hangaia mā te whakatakoto i tētahi paparanga whakarewa ki runga i tētahi papa. He iti ake ngā āheinga o tēnei momo, ā, he pai ake te pumau i ngā ātete waro.
– Ngā ātete takai-waea: He mea hanga ki te waea whakarewa kua takaihia ki te matua uku, ki te matua ārai rānei. Ko tēnei momo he mea whakamahi mō ngā tono mana-nui nā te mea he pai tōna kaha ki te marara wera.
2. Ngā Ātete Taurangi (Ngā Ātete Taurangi)
– Pūwerohikohiko: He ātete e toru ngā pito e taea ai te whakarerekē ā-ringa i tōna uara ātete. Whakamahia mō te whakahaere oro, te whakahaere rama, me ētahi atu tono e hiahia ana ki te whakarerekē ātete.
– Trimpot: He potentiometer iti e whakamahia ana mō ngā whakatikatika ā-roto i roto i ngā ara iahiko hiko, he maha ngā wā ka whakaturia kotahi, ā, kāore e whakarerekētia anō.
– Rheostat: He rite ki te potentiometer, engari e rua noa iho ōna pito, ā, e whakamahia ana mō te whakahaere iahiko i roto i ngā tono mana teitei.
3. Ngā Ātete Motuhake
– Te whakamahana: He ātete e tino whakawhirinaki ana tōna ātete ki te pāmahana. E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūoko pāmahana me ngā mana whakahaere wera.
– LDR (Ātete Whakawhirinaki ki te Mārama): He ātete e rerekē ana te uara ātete i runga i te kaha o te mārama e whiwhihia ana. He maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ara iahiko kite mārama me ngā pūoko whakaahua.
– Varistor: He ātete e rerekē ana te ātete i te ngaohiko. E whakamahia ana hei tiaki i ngā ara iahiko mai i ngā pikinga ngaohiko.
Ngā Mahi me ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Ātete
1. Whakahaere Rere
Ka whakamahia ngā ātete hei whakawhāiti i te rere o te iahiko i roto i ngā ara iahiko hiko, hei tiaki i ētahi atu wāhanga mai i te kino i puta mai i te nui rawa o te iahiko. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakanohoia ngā ātete ki roto i ngā raupapa me ngā rama LED hei whakarite kia kore te iahiko e rere ana i roto i aua ara e neke atu i ngā rohe haumaru.
2. Wehewehenga Ngaohiko
Ka whakamahia ngā ātete hei wehewehe i te ngaohiko kia ōrite. I roto i te whirihoranga wehewehe ngaohiko, e rua, neke atu rānei ngā ātete ka honoa raupapa hei whakaputa i te ngaohiko putanga he iti iho i te ngaohiko tāuru. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei whirihoranga i roto i ngā ara iahiko pūoko me ngā tautuhinga pūwāhi tohutoro ngaohiko.
3. Te Whakatau i te Wā me te Auautanga
Ka whakamahia ngā ātete, me ngā pūnga iahiko, i roto i ngā ara iahiko RC (Ātete-Pūnga iahiko) hei whakatau i te pūmau wā me te auau o te wiri. Ko ngā ara iahiko RC te pūtake o ngā tātari, ngā wiri, me ngā taima i roto i ngā hikohiko.
4. Ngā Tautuhinga Pīrori
I roto i ngā ara iahiko transistor, ka whakamahia ngā ātete hei whakatakoto i te pānga o te transistor, kia mōhio ai kei te mahi te transistor i te aratau e hiahiatia ana (hei tauira, te aratau hohe, te aratau mātotoru rānei).
5. Whakaiti
Ka whakamahia ngā ātete i roto i ngā ara iahiko whakaitiiti hei whakaiti i te kaha o te tohu me te kore e nui te whakapōturi. He mea nui tēnei i roto i ngā tono oro, RF, me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
Kōwhiringa Ātete
Ko te whiriwhiri i te ātete tika me whai whakaaro ki ētahi tawhā nui:
1. Uara Ātete
Me tatau tuatahi te uara ātete e hiahiatia ana i runga i te tono motuhake. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakamahi i te ture a Ohm me te mārama ki te iahiko me te ngaohiko i roto i te ara iahiko.
2. Manawanui
Ko te manawanui e pā ana ki te tika o te whakataurite i te uara ātete tuturu ki tōna uara ingoa. Ko ngā ātete he iti ngā manawanui (hei tauira, ±1%) e whakamahia ana i ngā tono e hiahia ana kia tino tika.
3. Mana Tino Nui
He mea nui kia whakarite kia taea e te ātete te whakahaere i te mana e puta ana i te wā e mahi ana. Ka tatauhia te mana o te ātete mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ P = V \ngā I \]
Ko te mana o ngā ātete he mea whakatau i tētahi mana motuhake pērā i te 1/4 watt, te 1/2 watt, me ētahi atu.
4. Tauwehenga Pāmahana
Ka rerekē te uara ātete o ngā ātete i te pāmahana. He mea nui te tauwehenga pāmahana iti i roto i ngā tono e hiahia ana kia nui te pumau puta noa i te whānuitanga o te pāmahana.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga hiko taketake ngā ātete, ā, he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga, ngā momo, me ngā mahi a ngā ātete mō te hunga katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te hoahoa, ki te whakatika rānei i ngā ara iahiko hiko. Mai i te whakahaere i te iahiko ki te wehewehe i te ngaohiko, he mahi nui tā ngā ātete ki te whakarite i te mahi me te pono o ngā pūnaha hiko. Mā te whiriwhiri tika i runga i ngā tawhā pēnei i te uara ātete, te manawanui, te putanga mana tihi, me te tauwehenga pāmahana, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā ātete hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia tono motuhake me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te pumau o ngā ara iahiko hiko.
