Te Whakawhanaungatanga: Te Mārama ki te Ariā o te Wāhi me te Wā i roto i te Ahupūngao
Ko te ariā whanaungatanga tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake o te ahupūngao hou, e whakarerekē ana i te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te ao whānui. Nā Albert Einstein i whakauru mai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o te ariā whanaungatanga: te whanaungatanga motuhake me te whanaungatanga whānui. E whakarato ana ēnei i te māramatanga hohonu ake mō te wāhi, te wā, me te kaha ā-papa.
1. He Hītori Poto mō te Whakawhanaungatanga
I te mutunga o te rautau 19, kua whakaratohia e te ahupūngao matarohia, i titoa e Isaac Newton, he turanga pakari mō ngā āhuatanga maha o te ahupūngao. Heoi, kāore i taea te whakamārama i ētahi āhuatanga e te ariā Newtonian. Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui ko te kore e taurite i waenga i te miihini Newtonian me te hikohiko, i titoa e James Clerk Maxwell. Kāore i taea te whakamārama i te pumau o te tere o te mārama i whakaarohia e Maxwell i roto i te anga o te miihini Newtonian, i whakaarohia ai te wā me te wāhi tuturu.
I te tau 1905, i whakaputa a Albert Einstein i tētahi pepa e whakaatu ana i te ariā motuhake o te whanaungatanga. Nā tēnei ariā i whakakotahi ngā ariā o te wāhi me te wā ki tētahi mea kotahi e kiia nei ko te wāhi-wā, ā, i whakaatu ko te tere o te mārama he pumau i roto i ngā anga tohutoro korekore katoa. Tekau tau i muri mai, i te tau 1915, i whakaurua e Einstein tana ariā whānui o te whanaungatanga, i whakawhānui ake i ngā ariā o te whanaungatanga motuhake ki te whakauru i te kaha ā-papatipu, me te whakakapi i te ariā Newtonian mō te kaha ā-papatipu ki te ariā o ngā huringa o te piko o te wāhi-wā e te papatipu me te pūngao.
2. Te Whakawhanaungatanga Motuhake
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake
Ko te ariā motuhake o te whanaungatanga e ahu mai ana i ngā whakapae matua e rua:
1. He rite tonu ngā ture ahupūngao i roto i ngā anga tohutoro korekore katoa.
2. He pumau te tere o te mārama i roto i te korehau, ā, kāore e pā ki te nekehanga o te kaimātakitaki, o te pūtake mārama rānei.
Ngā Huanga o te Whakawhanaungatanga Motuhake
Mai i ēnei mātāpono e rua, ka puta mai ētahi hua whakamiharo e rerekē ana ki te māramatanga o ia rā:
– Te Whakawhanuitanga o te Wā: Ka pōturi ake te neke o te wā mō ngā mea e neke ana i te taha o te kaimātakitaki. Kua whakaaturia tēnei āhuatanga i roto i ngā whakamātautau maha, pērā i te kitenga i ngā matūriki iti-atomika e neke ana i te tere o te mārama me te whakamahinga o ngā karaka atomika i roto i ngā waka rererangi.
– Te Whakaiti i te Roa: Ka ahua poto ake te ahua o tētahi mea e neke ana i te taha o tētahi kaimātakitaki. Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga i te taha o te ahunga o te nekehanga o te mea.
– Te Whakawhanaungatanga o te Papatipu: Ka piki te papatipu me te tere. Ina whakatata atu te mea ki te tere o te mārama, ka tata atu tōna papatipu ki te mutunga kore, ko te tikanga ka hiahiatia he pūngao mutunga kore hei whakatere ake.
Ko tētahi o ngā tātai rongonui i ahu mai i te whanaungatanga motuhake ko te whārite E=mc², e whakaatu ana i te ōritetanga i waenga i te papatipu (m) me te pūngao (E) me te pūmau tere o te mārama (c) hei whakarea.
Ngā Pānga o te Hangarau
He pānga anō hoki te whanaungatanga motuhake ki te ariā, engari ki ngā hangarau hou anō hoki. Hei tauira, ko te Pūnaha Tūnga Ao (GPS), e hiahia ana kia whakatikatikaina ngā tohu kia tika ai te tūnga.
3. Te Whānuitanga Whānui
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake
Ka whakawhānui ake te whanaungatanga whānui i ngā ariā o te whanaungatanga motuhake kia uru atu ai te kaha ā-papa hei āhuahanga o te wāhi-wā. Ko ōna mātāpono taketake ko:
1. Ehara te kaha ā-papatipu i te kaha pērā i te Newtonian, engari he piko, he piko rānei o te wāhi-wā i puta mai i te papatipu me te pūngao.
2. Ka whakarerekē te papatipu me te pūngao i te inenga o te wāhi-wā, ka pā ki ngā ara poto rawa e whaia ana e ngā mea i roto i taua wāhi-wā.
Āhuahanga o te Wā-Wā
I roto i te whanaungatanga whānui, ka piko ngā mea nunui pērā i ngā whetū me ngā aorangi i te wāhi-wā e karapoti ana i a rātou. Ko ngā ara geodesic, arā, ngā ara poto rawa atu, i roto i tēnei wāhi-wā piko, ka puta te āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te kaha ā-papa. Ka taea te whakaatu i tēnei ariā mā te whakaaro i te wāhi-wā hei rau rapa e piko ana ina whakatakotoria he pōro taumaha ki runga.
Ngā āhuatanga nui
Ka whakamāramahia e te whanaungatanga whānui ngā āhuatanga rerekē e kore e taea te whakamārama e ngā tikanga miihini Newtonian, pēnei i:
– Arotahi Ā-Toi: Ka taea te whakapiko i te mārama mai i ngā whetū tawhiti, i ngā tupua tawhiti rānei, e te kaha ā-tōi o ngā mea nunui, pērā i ngā tupua tawhiti, i ngā pōro pango rānei, ka puta he whakaahua kua whakanuia, kua hē rānei.
– Te Huringa Whero o te Āhua-papa: Ka heke (ka whero) te auau o te mārama e puta mai ana i tētahi mea nui nā te awe o te kaha o te ā-papa.
– Ngā Ngaru Ā-Toi: Ngā piki me ngā heke o te piko o te wāhi-wā i puta mai i te nekehanga tere o te papatipu, pērā i ngā pōro pango e rua e hanumi ana. I kitea tuatahitia ēnei ngaru e ngā whakamātautau LIGO i te tau 2015.
Te Whakamātautau i te Whakawhanaungatanga Whānui
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamātautau tuatahi o te whanaungatanga whānui ko te kitenga a Tā Arthur Eddington i te nekehanga perihelion o Mercury me te korōtanga o te rā i te tau 1919. Nā tēnei korōtanga o te rā i taea ai te tirotiro i te piko o te mārama mai i ngā whetū e tata ana ki te Rā, e ai ki ngā matapae o te whanaungatanga whānui.
4. Horopaki Aorangi
Ko te whanaungatanga whānui te tūāpapa o te ao whānui o ēnei rā, arā, te rangahau pūtaiao mō te takenga mai, te whanaketanga, me te hanganga o te ao whānui. Ko ngā tauira o te ao whānui e horapa ana, tae atu ki te tauira o te Pāhūtanga Nui, e ahu mai ana i ngā whārite mara a Einstein i ahu mai i te whanaungatanga whānui.
Te Whānuitanga o te Ao
Ko te Ture a Hubble, e whakaatu ana kei te neke haere ngā tupuni whetu tetahi i tetahi, tētahi o ngā taunakitanga tino kaha mō te whānui haere o te ao tūroa. Ka taea anake tēnei te whakamārama i roto i te anga o te whanaungatanga whānui.
Te Matū Pōuri me te Pūngao Pōuri
E tohu ana hoki te whanaungatanga whānui i te noho o ngā mea ngaro e kiia nei e tātou ko te mea pōuri me te pūngao pōuri. Ko te mea pōuri, e whakaarohia ana he nui te noho, kāore e tuku mārama, e whakaata rānei, engari ka taea te whakatau ko tōna noho mai i ōna pānga ā-papa ki ngā mea e kitea ana. I tētahi atu taha, e whakaarohia ana ko te pūngao pōuri te take o te tere o te horapa o te ao.
5. Te Anamata o te Rangahau Whakawhanaungatanga
Tae noa mai ki tēnei rā, kei te noho tonu te whanaungatanga whānui me te whanaungatanga motuhake hei pou mō te ahupūngao ariā me te ahupūngao whakamātautau. Heoi anō, he maha ngā wāhanga rangahau hou e puta ake ana:
Te Ariā o te Marae Kuantum me te Āhuatanga Taumaha Kuantum
He wero nui te whakakotahi i te whanaungatanga whānui me te miihini irahiko, arā, ngā ariā e rua tino angitu i roto i te ahupūngao. Ko ngā mahi ki te whakawhanake i ngā ariā o te kaha ā-irahiko, pērā i te ariā aho me te kaha ā-irahiko koropiko, e whai ana kia whakakīia tēnei āputa.
Te Āhua Tino Nui
Ko te ako i ngā porowhita huri noa i ngā pōro pango, te hihi Hawking, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake i waenganui o ngā pōro pango, he wāhanga rangahau e kōrerohia whānuitia ana i waenga i ngā kaipūtaiao.
Whakamutunga
Kua tino hurihia e te whanaungatanga, arā, te motuhake me te whānui, tō tātou tirohanga ki te wāhi, te wā, me te kaha ā-papa. Ehara i te mea kua whakarei ake i ō tātou tirohanga pūtaiao anake te mārama ki ōna ariā, engari kua whakaratohia hoki he painga mahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā hangarau hou. Mā te rangahau tonu i tēnei mara me ngā mahi ki te whakakotahi i te kaha ā-papa me te miihini irahiko ka oati mai he māramatanga hou ake ā muri ake nei. I roto i te poto, mā te whanaungatanga tātou e āwhina ki te mārama ki te ao whānui i roto i te huarahi whānui ake, hohonu ake hoki.
