Tauhohenga Whakapūhui
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā pūmua he matū e titoa ana i ngā ngota nui, mekameka roa, e titoa ana i ngā waeine tāruarua e kiia nei ko ngā monomer. Ko te whakapūmua te tukanga matū e honoa ai ēnei monomer hei hanga pūmua. He mea nui tēnei tukanga i roto i te umanga matū, ā, ka whai wāhi ki te hanganga o ngā momo rauemi whai hua, tae atu ki ngā kirihou, te rapa, me ngā muka hangai.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he whakaahua i ngā tikanga, ngā momo, me ngā whakamahinga o ngā tauhohenga polymerization. Ka taea te puta ngā tukanga polymerization mā roto i ngā tikanga maha, e rua ngā wāhanga matua: te polymerization tāpiri me te polymerization condensation.
Ngā momo whakapūhui
Te Whakapūhui Tāpiri
Ko te whakapūhuitanga tāpiri he tukanga e tauhohe ai ngā monomer me ngā hononga takirua, takitoru rānei ki te hanga i tētahi pūhui, engari kāore e puta he hua taha. Ko ngā pūhui e puta mai ana i tēnei momo whakapūhuitanga ka kiia he pūhui tāpiri.
Ngā Hipanga:
1. Tīmatanga: Ka tīmata te tauhohenga ina whakaputahia e te kaiwhakaoho ngā rauropi kore utu, ngā katote, ngā whakakorikori rānei ka taea te wawahi i ngā here takirua i roto i ngā monomer.
2. Te Whakatipu: Ka tauhohe ngā rauropi kore utu, ngā katote rānei i hangaia ki ngā monomer, ka hangaia he pito hohe hou ka taea te tauhohe ki ētahi atu monomer.
3. Whakamutunga: Ka mutu te tauhohenga ina tūtaki ngā rauropi kore utu e rua, ka hanga he hononga honohono, ina mutu rānei te horapa o tētahi atu tikanga.
Tauira:
– Poly(ethylene): Ka tauhohe te monomer ethylene (C2H4) mā roto i tētahi mekameka o ngā rauropi kore utu hei hanga i te poly(ethylene).
– Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC): Ka honoa ngā monomers vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl) mā te tīmatanga, te horapa, me te whakamutu.
Te Whakapūhuitanga o te Whakapūngao
Ko te whakapūhui matūriki e uru ana ki ngā monomer he rua, neke atu rānei ngā rōpū mahi tauhohe, ā, ka hanga he polymer me te putanga o tētahi hua taha, pērā i te wai, te methanol rānei.
Ngā Hipanga:
1. Tīmatanga: Ka tauhohe ngā monomer he rōpū mahi tauhohe ā rātou ki a rātou anō.
2. Te Hanganga: Te hanganga o ngā hononga i waenga i ngā monomer, me te tukunga o ngā ngota māmā, pērā i te H2O, te HCl rānei.
3. Te Tipu o te Mekameka: Ka haere tonu tēnei tukanga kia pau rā anō ngā monomer, kia kore rānei e pai ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga.
Tauira:
– Nairona-6,6: I hangaia mai i te tauhohenga i waenga i te hexamethylenediamine me te waikawa adipic, ka puta he wai hei hua taha.
– Polyester: I hangaia mai i te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa terephthalic me te ethylene glycol, me te wai hei hua taha.
Tikanga Whakapūhui
Te Whakapūhuitanga Rautaki Koreutu
Ko te whakapūhuitanga rauropi kore utu tētahi o ngā tikanga whakapūhuitanga tāpiri tino noa. Ka tīmata tēnei tukanga mā te hanganga o ngā rauropi kore utu tino tauhohe, mā te whakamahana, mā te whakapūhuitanga whakaahua rānei.
1. Tīmatanga: Ka pakaruhia ngā ngota tīmatanga pērā i te benzoyl peroxide, te azobisisobutyronitrile rānei (AIBN) hei whakaputa i ngā rauropi kore utu.
\[ \text{(Tuhipoka, AIBN) → 2 \cdot (Radical, )} \]
2. Te Whakatipu: Ka tauhohe ngā rauropi kore utu ki ngā monomer hei hanga i ngā rauropi monomer kua whakawhanuitia:
\[ \text{(Radikal + Monomer) → (R-Polymer )} \]
3. Whakamutu: Ka honoa ngā irahiko kore utu e rua hei hanga i tētahi ngota kore-irahiko, ā, ka mutu te tauhohenga mekameka:
\[ \text{(R + R ) → Kore-Whakaaro Whai Hua} \]
Te Whakapūhuitanga Ionic
Ko tēnei whakapūhuitanga ko te hanganga o ngā katote (ngā katote, ngā katote rānei) hei momo tauhohe. Ka taea hoki te wehewehe i te whakapūhuitanga katote ki ngā momo matua e rua, arā:
– Te Whakapūhuitanga Kationika: Kei roto ko te momo kationika hei tīmatanga. He mea whakamahi noa me ngā monomer he rōpū tuku-irahiko pērā i te isobutylene.
– Te whakapūhui anionic: Kei roto ko ngā katote (anion) kua utua kinotia hei tīmatanga. Ka whakamahia ki ngā monomer he rōpū whakaae-irahiko pērā i te styrene.
Te Whakapūhuitanga Whakarite
Ko ngā whakakorikori matatini whakarewa whakawhiti te mea e whakatairanga ana i tēnei momo whakapūhui, hei tauira ko te whakapūhui Ziegler-Natta e whakamahia ana hei hanga polyethylene stereo-auau me te polypropylene.
1. Ngā Whakakōkī: Ka whakamahia ngā konganuku whakawhiti pēnei i te konupūmā titanium me ngā matū whakakoiora rite ki te konumohe triethyl (AlEt3).
2. Tauhohenga: Ka honoa ngā monomer ki te tūranga hohe o te matatini whakarewa.
Ngā tono whakapūhui
Ahumahi Kirihou
Ko ngā kirihou ngā hua pūmua rongonui, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ka hangaia ēnei mā roto i ngā tukanga tāpiri me te whakapūpū. Ko ngā tauira o ngā hua whakapūpū kirihou noa ko te polyethylene, te polypropylene, te PVC, me te PET (polyethylene terephthalate). Ka whakamahia ngā kirihou i roto i te hanga takai, taonga takaro, paipa, me te tini o ngā hua kaihoko.
Rauemi muka
Ko ngā muka hangai pēnei i te nairona me te polyester he hua o te whakakotahitanga o te haukū. Ka whakamahia ēnei ki te hanga kakahu, kākahu, me ngā taonga o te whare pēnei i te whāriki me te taura. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria ngā muka nā te kaha, te ātete ki te pakū, me te ngāwari.
Rapa Hanga
Ko ngā rapa hangai, pērā i te polibutadiene me te styrene-butadiene (SBR), he hua nō te tāpiritanga o te polymerization o ngā monomers kei roto he diene. Ka whakamahia ēnei rapa ki te hanga potae waka, hiri, me ngā momo tono ahumahi nā te mea he ātete ki te pakū me te whakarerekētanga.
Ngā Resin Epoxy me ngā Polymers Thermosetting
Ko ngā kapia epoxy he hua o te whakapūhuitanga o te konupūmā e puta ana i te pāmahana rūma, i te whakamahana rānei. Ka whakamahia ēnei ki ngā piripiri, ki ngā peita, me ngā rauemi hiato e hiahia ana ki te ātete ki te wera me ngā matū. Kāore e taea te whakarewa anō i ēnei pūmua whakapūmau wera i muri i te whakamaroke, he rerekē ki ngā pūmua kirihou wera.
Hauora koiora
Ko ngā pūmua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi hauora ko te polylactide (PLA) me te poly(tetrahydrofurane) (PTHF), e whakamahia ana hei hanga rauemi whakatō ka taea te mimiti. Kua hangaia ēnei pūmua kia pirau i roto i te tinana, kia kore ai e hiahiatia he pokanga tuarua.
Ngā Rauemi Hikohiko
Ko ngā pūmua hikohiko he pūmua e huri ana te āhua i raro i te awe o tētahi papa hiko, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kaiwhakaoho me ngā pūoko. Ko ētahi tauira ko te poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hiko pēnei i ngā mata pa.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā tauhohenga polymerization he tukanga matū taketake i roto i te umanga matū hou, e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō te whānuitanga o ngā hua me ngā tono e whakarerekē ana i ō tātou oranga o ia rā. Mā te mārama ki ngā tikanga me ngā momo polymerization, me ō rātou tono, ka taea e tātou te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hou me ngā āhuatanga whakarei ake mō ngā hiahia ā muri ake nei. He mahi motuhake tā te polymerization tāpiri me te polymerization condensation i roto i te hanganga o ēnei rauemi, ā, kei te haere tonu te pūtaiao ki te rapu huarahi hou hei arotau i ēnei tukanga me te kimi tono auaha mō ngā polymer.
