Porowhita Auaha Tauwhitiwhiti
Pendahuluan
He mea nui te mahi a ngā ara iahiko hurihuri (AC) i roto i ngā momo mahi hiko me ngā mahi hiko. I roto i te ara iahiko AC, ka huri te ahunga o te iahiko i ia wā, he rerekē ki te iahiko tika (DC), e rere ana i te ahunga kotahi. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kaupapa matua o ngā ara iahiko AC, ōna wāhanga matua, me ētahi tauira mahi me ngā whakamahinga o ēnei ara iahiko i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o ngā Porowhita Auaha Tauhohe
Ka mahi ngā ara iahiko AC mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūtake ngaohiko AC, pērā i te whakaputa hiko, i tētahi pūtake hiko kāinga rānei, e whakaputa ana i tētahi ngaohiko i te āhua o tētahi ngaru sinusoidal. He āhuatanga matua tō tēnei āhua ngaru sinusoidal pērā i te kaha (te uara mōrahi), te auau (te maha o ngā huringa ia hekona), me te wā (te wā mō te huringa katoa kotahi).
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Ara Iahiko AC
1. Ātete: He wāhanga e ārai ana i te rere o te iahiko hiko. I roto i te ara iahiko AC, he rite te uara ātete o te ātete ki tērā i inehia i roto i te ara iahiko DC. Kei roto tonu te ngaohiko me te iahiko i roto i te ātete i te āhua kotahi (i runga i te āhua kotahi).
2. Pūngaohiko: He wāhanga e penapena ana i te pūngao i roto i te āhua o tētahi mara hiko. He pūngaohiko tō te pūngaohiko e ine ana i tōna kaha ki te penapena utu. I roto i tētahi ara iahiko AC, ka whakaroa te ngaohiko puta noa i te pūngaohiko i te iahiko mā te 90 nekehanga.
3. Pūhikohiko: He wāhanga e penapena ana i te pūngao i roto i te āhua o te papa aukume. He pūhikohiko kei te pūhikohiko, e ine ana i tōna kaha ki te ātete i ngā huringa o te iahiko. I roto i te ara iahiko AC, ko te ngaohiko puta noa i te pūhikohiko e arahi ana i te iahiko mā te 90 nekehanga.
4. Whakawhiti hiko: He taputapu e whakamahia ana hei whakanui, hei whakaiti rānei i te ngaohiko AC. Ko te kaupapa o te mahi a ngā whakawhiti hiko he whakapūngao hiko hiko, ā, he mea nui mō te tohatoha hiko tawhiti.
Tātaritanga Arahiko AC Māmā
Porowhita Ātete
I roto i tētahi ara iahiko AC he ātete anake kei roto, kei roto i te āhua kotahi te ngaohiko me te iahiko. Kei te whai mana tonu te ture a Ohm:
\[ V = I \whakanuia te R \]
ko \( V \) te ngaohiko, ko \( I \) te iahiko, ā, ko \( R \) te ātete. Nā te mea kāore he nekehanga ā-wāhanga i waenga i te ngaohiko me te iahiko, he rite tonu te tātaritanga o tētahi ara iahiko ātete i roto i te AC ki te tātaritanga i roto i te DC.
Porowhita Āwhina
I roto i te ara iahiko capacitive, ka arahina te iahiko i te ngaohiko mā te 90 nekehanga. Ka pā te capacitance \( C \) ki te capacitance capacitive \( X_C \):
\[ X_C = \frac{1}{2 \pi f C} \]
ko \( f \) te auau o te pūtake AC. Ko te ture a Ohm mō te ara iahiko capacitive ko:
\[ V = I \whakareatia ki te X_C \]
Porowhita Ārai
I roto i tētahi ara iahiko whakapūngao, ka ārahi te ngaohiko i te iahiko mā te 90 nekehanga. Ka pā te whakapūngao \( L \) ki te tauhohenga whakapūngao \( X_L \):
\[ X_L = 2 \pi f L \]
Ko te ture a Ohm mō te ara iahiko whakaaweawe ko:
\[ V = I \whakareatia ki te X_L \]
Ngā Porowhita Raupapa me ngā Porowhita Whakarara
Porowhita Raupapa
I roto i te ara iahiko raupapa, ka honoa ngā wāhanga i te ara kotahi. Ka rere te iahiko kotahi i roto i ia wāhanga, engari ko te ngaohiko katoa ko te tapeke o ngā ngaohiko puta noa i ngā wāhanga katoa. Mō te ara iahiko kei roto he ātete, he pūnga, me he inductor, ka tatauhia te aukati katoa \( Z \) penei:
\[ Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L – X_C)^2} \]
ko \( X_L \) te tauhohenga ā-whakauru me \( X_C \) te tauhohenga ā-pūmanawa.
Porowhita Whakarara
I roto i tētahi ara iahiko whakarara, ka honoa ngā wāhanga puta noa i ngā ara maha. Ka pāngia ngā wāhanga katoa e te ngaohiko kotahi, engari ko te iahiko katoa ko te tapeke o ngā iahiko i ia ara. Ka tatauhia te aukati katoa mō tētahi ara iahiko whakarara penei:
\[ \frac{1}{Z} = \sqrt{\left( \frac{1}{R} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{1}{X_L} – \frac{1}{X_C} \right)^2} \]
Tauwehe Mana
Ko te ine mana he mehua o te whai huatanga o te ara iahiko AC, ā, e tautuhia ana ko te ōwehenga o te mana tūturu (P) ki te mana kitea (S):
\[ \text{Tauwehe Mana} = \frac{P}{S} = \cos \phi \]
ko \( \phi \) te koki ā-wāhanga i waenga i te ngaohiko me te iahiko. Ko te tauwehenga mana tino pai ko te 1 (100%) rānei, ko te tikanga ka whakamahia pai te mana katoa e tukuna ana e te pūtake.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua o ngā Ara Hāora AC
1. Pūnaha Tohatoha Hiko: Ka whakamahia e te whatunga hiko ā-motu ngā ara iahiko AC hei tuku hiko mai i ngā tipu hiko ki ngā kaihoko. Ka whakamahia ngā whakawhiti hiko hei whakanui ake i te ngaohiko kia pai ake ai te tuku hiko, hei whakaiti hoki i te ngaohiko mō te whakamahinga kāinga me te ahumahi.
2. Ngā Taputapu Whare: He maha ngā taputapu whare, pērā i ngā pouaka whakaata, ngā pouaka whakamātao, me ngā oumu ngaruiti, e whakamahi ana i ngā ara iahiko AC hei whakahaere.
3. Ngā Mōta Hiko: He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā mōta hiko AC i roto i te ahumahi nā te mea he pono, he whai hua hoki. Ka hurihia e ēnei mōta te pūngao hiko hei pūngao miihini mō ngā momo mahi, pērā i te taraiwa mīhini me ngā taputapu wheketere.
4. Whakamārama: Ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha rama hou ngā ara iahiko AC hei whakahaere i ngā rama incandescent, fluorescent, me ngā rama LED. Mā te AC ka taea te whakarerekē ngāwari i te ngaohiko hei whakahaere i te kaha o te mārama.
5. Ngā Pūnaha Āhuarangi: Ka whakamahia ngā hauhautanga i roto i ngā pūnaha hauhautanga me te whakamahana hei whakahaere i te pāmahana o roto. Ko ngā pūwero me ngā pā hau i roto i ēnei pūnaha ka peia e ngā motuka AC.
Ngā Painga me ngā Herenga o ngā Arahiko AC
Te Whakamutunga
1. Te Whai Hua o te Tuku: Mā ngā ara iahiko AC ka taea te tuku hiko tawhiti me te iti o te ngaronga hiko mā te whakamahi i ngā whakawhiti hiko.
2. Ngāwari o te Whakarite Ngaohiko: Mā ngā whakawhiti hiko ka māmā ake te whakarite i te ngaohiko ina hiahiatia, mō te tuku me te whakamahinga whakamutunga.
3. Hototahi: Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hikohiko kua hangaia kia mahi tahi me te hauhautanga, ā, he paerewa whānui tēnei.
Ngā Here
1. Ngā Tūponotanga Ngaohiko Teitei: Ka tūpono te ngaohiko AC teitei ki te tangata me ngā kararehe, me whai tikanga haumaru atu.
2. Te Whakararuraru Hikohiko: Ka taea e ngā ara iahiko AC te whakararuraru i ngā taputapu hiko tairongo, me te hiahia ki ētahi atu tiakitanga pēnei i te parepare me ngā tātari.
3. Mana Tauhohe: Ko te noho mai o ngā wāhanga ā-whakaoho me ngā wāhanga āheinga i roto i te ara iahiko AC ka puta te mana tauhohe, ka whakaiti i te pai o te mahi, ā, me utu mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnga, i ngā tauhohenga rānei.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā ara iahiko hurihuri o ngā pūnaha hiko hou. Mā te mārama ki ngā wāhanga taketake me ngā mātāpono whakahaere o ngā ara iahiko AC ka taea e tātou te hoahoa me te whakahaere i te whānuitanga o ngā tono hiko me te tino whai hua me te pono. Ahakoa ngā wero me ngā herenga, ko ngā painga me te ngāwari o ngā ara iahiko AC ka waiho hei whiringa matua i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono, mai i te tohatoha hiko ki te whakamahinga o ia rā i roto i ngā kāinga me ngā ahumahi. Mā te mōhio ki ngā ara iahiko AC ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i te pūngao hiko me te haumaru ake.
