Whakamārama
Ko te pūmanawa hiko e tautuhia ana ko te pūngao pūmanawa mō ia waeine o te utu hiko . Hei tauira, ina i te pūwāhi a, ko te pūngao pūmanawa o te utu q he EP a , kātahi ka hangaia te pūmanawa i te pūwāhi a penei:
Whakaahuatanga: V = pūmanawa hiko, EP = pūngao pūmanawa hiko, q = utu hiko.
Kāore a V i te pūwāhi a anake engari kei ngā pūwāhi katoa o te mara hiko . Hei tauira, ka whakamahia te pūwāhi a. Ka whakamāramahia i muri mai, kāore tōna uara e whakawhirinaki ana ki te utu q.
He rahinga tauine te EP me te utu hiko, nō reira he rahinga tauine anō hoki a V. Ko te waeine pūnaha ā-ao o EP ko te Joule, ā, ko te waeine pūnaha ā-ao o te utu hiko ko te Coulomb, nō reira ko te waeine pūnaha ā-ao o V ko Joule ia Coulomb (J/C). Ko tētahi atu ingoa mō J/C ko Volt, i ahu mai i te ingoa o te kaipūtaiao Itari me te kaihanga o te pākahiko hiko, a Alessandro Volta (1745-1827).
Te rerekētanga pūmanawa hiko
Kāore e taea te mōhio ki a V i tētahi pūwāhi, hei tauira, ko V i te pūwāhi a, arā, ko V a , nā te mea ko te mea nui ko te huringa o te pūmanawa. Ka taea te mōhio ki te uara o te huringa pūmanawa mā te tatau, mā te ine rānei. Ka huri a V ina neke te utu q mai i tētahi pūwāhi ki tētahi atu. Me kī ka neke te utu q mai i te pūwāhi a ki te pūwāhi b, ko te huringa o te pūmanawa ko:
Ko te V ab te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua i roto i te papa hiko, hei tauira, ko ngā pūwāhi a me b. Ko te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi a me b (V ab ) he ōrite ki te mahi i mahia e te kaha hiko ki runga i te utu hiko ina neke mai i te pūwāhi a ki te pūwāhi b, mō ia utu kotahi (W ab /q). Me mōhio ko te mahi i mahia e te kaha hiko ki runga i te utu q ina neke mai i te pūwāhi a ki te pūwāhi b (W ab ) he ōrite ki te huringa o te kaha pūmanawa o te utu q (ΔEP). Nō reira, i roto i te whārite i runga ake nei, ka taea te whakakapi i te ΔEP e W ab.
Ina kei te teitei tetahi mea i runga ake i te whenua, he kaha pūmanawa tōpana tōna, ā, ka whakamahia te mata o te whenua hei pūwāhi tohutoro. I tēnei wā, ka whakatakotoria te teitei o te mata o te whenua me te kaha pūmanawa tōpana i te mata o te whenua ki te kore. He rite ki te kaha pūmanawa tōpana, ina kī tātou he kaha tōpana tētahi pūwāhi, me whakamahi tētahi atu pūwāhi hei pūwāhi tohutoro, me te whakaaro ko te rerekētanga pūmanawa anake ka taea te tatau. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te whenua, ko te kaiārahi hiko rānei e hono ana ki te whenua ka whiriwhiria hei pūwāhi tohutoro, ā, ka whakatakotoria te kaha o te kaiārahi, te kaha rānei i roto i te whenua ki te kore. Nō reira, ki te 12 Volts te V o tētahi pūwāhi, ko te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i taua pūwāhi me te whenua he 12 Volts. I roto i te pākahiko 6 Volt, ko te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i te pito pai me te pito kino he 6 Volts. Nā te mea ko te waeine o te rerekētanga pūmanawa ko Volts, ko te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua ka kiia ko te ngaohiko hiko.
Ka taea te tuhi anō i te whārite rerekētanga pūmanawa i runga ake nei penei:
Mena ka haere te utu q mā roto i te rerekētanga pūmanawa Vab kātahi ka huri te pūngao pūmanawa mā te ΔEP. Hei tauira, ki te haere tētahi utu o te 2 Coulombs mā roto i tētahi rerekētanga pūmanawa o te 12 Volts, ka huri te pūngao pūmanawa mā te (2 C)(12 V) = 24 Joules. Waihoki, ki te haere tētahi utu o te 4 Coulombs mā roto i tētahi rerekētanga pūmanawa o te 24 Volts, ka huri te pūngao pūmanawa mā te (4 C)(24 V) = 96 Joules.
Nō reira, ko te huringa o te pūngao pūmanawa (ΔEP) he rite ki te utu (q) me te ngaohiko hiko (Vab ) . Ko te nui ake o te utu hiko me/ranei te ngaohiko hiko, ko te nui ake o te huringa o te pūngao pūmanawa. E pā ana te pūngao pūmanawa ki te kaha ki te mahi i te mahi, nō reira, ki te nui te huringa o te pūngao pūmanawa, he nui anō hoki te kaha ki te mahi.
He whānui tonu te whārite rerekētanga pūmanawa i runga ake nei. Hei whiwhi i tētahi whārite V taipitopito ake, whakaarohia te rerekētanga pūmanawa i roto i tētahi papa hiko ōrite me te mea i hangaia e tētahi utunga kotahi.
Mara hiko ōrite
Ka taea te tatau i te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua i roto i te papa hiko ōrite, hei tauira, te pūwāhi a me te pūwāhi b, mā te whakamahi i te whārite i raro nei:
Whakaahuatanga: V ab = te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua, E = te papa hiko me s = te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua.
Utaina kotahi
Ka taea te tatau i te pūmanawa i tētahi pūwāhi nā te noho mai o tētahi utunga kotahi e whakaputa ana i tētahi āpure hiko mā te whakamahi i te whārite:
Whakaahuatanga: V ab = te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua, k = te pūmau o Coulomb, Q = te utunga kotahi e whakaputa ana i tētahi āpure hiko, r = te tawhiti i waenga i te utunga Q me te pūwāhi e tatauhia ai te pūmanawa.
Te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mara hiko me te pūmanawa
He rahinga whārite te papa hiko, ko te pūmanawa ia he rahinga tauine. Kei roto i ngā rahinga whārite te ahunga, ā, he uaua ake te tatau i ēnei rahinga i ngā rahinga tauine. Hei whakahaere i ngā tataunga, ka whakamahia he whārite e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te papa hiko me te pūmanawa.
Ko te whārite rerekētanga pūmanawa i whakamāramahia i mua ake nei kua tuhia anō penei:
I roto i te pāngarau, ko te mahi te hua o te kaha me te nekehanga, ko te kaha te hua o te utu me te papa hiko. Ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mahi, te kaha, me te nekehanga ka whakaatuhia mā te whārite i raro nei:
Ki te honoa ngā whārite e rua i runga ake nei, ka puta he whārite hou penei i raro nei:
Whakaahuatanga: E = Papa hiko, V ab = rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua, hei tauira, ngā pūwāhi a me b, d = tawhiti i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua.
Ko te ine o te rerekētanga pūmanawa ko Volt, ā, ko te ine o te tawhiti ko mita, kia taea ai te whakaatu i te papa hiko i roto i ngā ine o Volt ia mita (V/m).
Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei whārite hei whakatau i tētahi mara hiko (ōrite) mēnā e mōhiotia ana te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi e rua me te tawhiti i waenganui i a rāua. E ai ki te whārite, he ōrite te mara hiko ki te pūmanawa, ā, he ōrite whakamuri ki te tawhiti. Ko te tikanga tēnei, ko te nui ake o te pūmanawa, ko te nui ake o te mara hiko, ā, ko te nui ake o te tawhiti, ko te iti ake o te mara hiko.
