Ngā Otinga me ngā Koroiti: He Tirohanga Hōhonu ki ngā Āhuatanga Matū Whakamīharo e Rua
I roto i te matū, e rua ngā ariā matua e noho tonu ana hei kaupapa matua i roto i ngā rangahau me ngā tono maha, ko ngā otinga me ngā kōroiti. He āhuatanga motuhake me ngā āhuatanga o ia mea e rua, he mea nui i roto i ngā horopaki pūtaiao me ngā horopaki mahi. E whai ana tēnei tuhinga ki te ruku hohonu ki ngā otinga me ngā kōroiti, me te tirotiro i ō rātou rerekētanga, ō rātou āhuatanga, me ā rātou tono i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
1. Te Mārama ki ngā Otinga me ngā Colloids
He ranunga ōrite te otinga, e rua, neke atu rānei ngā matū kei roto i te wāhanga kotahi. I roto i te otinga, kei roto i te matū whakarewa ngā ngota e horapa ōrite ana i roto i te matū whakarewa. Ko tētahi tauira noa o te otinga ko te wai huka, ka rewa te huka i roto i te wai hei hanga i tētahi ranunga ōrite. Ka wehewehea ngā otinga i runga i ngā wāhanga o te matū whakarewa me te matū whakarewa, pērā i te hau-i-te-hau, te wai-i-te-wai, me ngā matū totoka-i-te-wai.
I tētahi atu ringa, he ranunga kanorau ngā kōroiti, ā, ka marara ngā matūriki mai i te 1 ki te 1000 nanometer te rahi ki roto i tētahi reo marara. Ki te titiro tahanga, he āhua ōrite ngā kōroiti, engari he rerekē ina tirohia i raro i te karuārai. Ko ngā tauira noa o ngā kōroiti ko te miraka (emulsion), te paowa (aerosol), me te tiēre (gel).
2. Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Otinga
Ko te otinga he pūnaha e horapa ōrite ana te matūriki i roto i te taumata ngota, i te taumata irahiko rānei, ā, he uaua ki te wehewehe mā te tirotiro ā-kanohi, mā te tirotiro mōkito rānei. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā otinga ko:
– Te wairewatanga: Koinei te kaha o tētahi matū ki te wairewa i roto i tētahi whakarewa motuhake. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te wairewatanga ko te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me ngā āhuatanga matū o te mea wairewa me te whakarewa.
– Te Kukū: Ka taea te whakaatu i te nui o te matū whakarewa i roto i te otinga i roto i ngā waeine rerekē, pērā i te molarity (M), te molality (m), me te ira mole. Hei tauira, ko te molarity te maha o ngā mole o te matū whakarewa mō ia rita o te otinga.
– Ngā Āhuatanga Whakakotahi: Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā otinga pēnei i te whakaheke ira tio, te piki ira kohua, te pēhanga osmotic, me te whakaheke i te pēhanga mamaoa, he āhuatanga ēnei e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū o ngā matūriki rewa, ehara i te āhua o aua matūriki.
3. Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Koroiti
He nui ake ngā matūriki korōra i ngā ngota, engari he iti rawa kia noho iri, kia kore hoki e tau i raro i te mana o te kaha ā-papa. Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā korōra ko:
– Pānga Tyndall: Koinei te kaha o ngā koroid ki te marara i te mārama. Ki te whakaritea ki ngā otinga, he kaha ake ngā koroid ki te whakaatu i ngā hihi mārama ina whiti ana i roto i ō rātou matūriki marara. Ko tētahi tauira noa ko te kanapa o ngā rama o te motuka i roto i te kohu.
– Te nekehanga Brownian: Ka neke matapōkeretia ngā matūriki colloidal nā te tukinga ki ngā ngota o te reo marara. Ka whakanui ake tēnei i te pumau o te colloid ki te maturuturu.
– Te mimiti: He maha ngā wā ka kukume, ka pupuri hoki ngā matūriki korōira i ngā ngota ngota, i ngā katote rānei i runga i tō rātou mata mā te tukanga mimiti, ka pā pea tēnei ki te utu mata me te pumau o te korōira.
4. Ngā Rerekētanga Matua i waenga i ngā Otinga me ngā Colloids
Ahakoa te āhua ōrite o ngā otinga me ngā colloid i ngā āhuatanga maha, he rerekētanga nui kei waenganui i a rāua:
– Rahi Matūriki: Kei te taumata ngota, katote rānei ngā matūriki i roto i ngā otinga, ko ngā matūriki ia he nui ake, i waenga i te 1-1000 nm.
– Te ōritetanga: He tino ōrite te āhua o ngā otinga i te taumata ngota, engari ko ngā colloid he āhua ōrite engari he rerekē i te taumata moroiti.
– Te Pūmautanga: Ko ngā otinga he pumau ake, ā, kāore e puta he maturuturu matūriki i roto i te wā, engari ko ngā colloid he pumau e pāngia ana e te utu matūriki me te momo waenga.
5. Ngā Whakamahinga i roto i te Oranga o Ia Rā
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā otinga me ngā korori nā te mea he maha ngā whakamahinga o ēnei i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Anei ētahi whakamahinga noa:
– Rongoā: He maha ngā rongoā kua hangaia hei wairewa hei whakahaere i te mimiti me te whai huatanga, pērā i te tirikara maremare. He maha hoki ngā rongoā kei roto i te āhua korori, pērā i ngā kirīmi me ngā hinu, e taea ai te horapa o te matū hohe ki te mata o te kiri.
– Ahumahi Kai: He wāhanga nui o te kai a te tangata ngā wai hua me ngā inu waipiro. Kei roto hoki i te maha o ngā hua ngā koroid, pērā i te pata, te pata, te aihikirīmi, me te mayonnaise.
– Maimoatanga Wai: Ko ngā tukanga pēnei i te whakapūmau me te whakapūmau ka whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga colloidal hei whakarewa i ngā paru ki roto i te wai kia ngāwari ai te tango.
– Ngā mea whakapaipai: He maha ngā wā he korori ngā hua whakapaipai pēnei i ngā hinu kiri, ngā kirimi, me ngā tiēre. Mā tēnei ka taea te tohatoha ōrite i ngā kai hohe ki runga i te kiri.
– Pūtaiao Rauemi: He maha ngā rauemi hiato e hangaia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga o ngā korori, hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā potae rapa ngā matūriki korori waro hei whakapakari i tō rātou hanganga ā-tinana.
6. Ngā Rangahau me ngā Rangahau Anō
Kei te whanake tonu te ao matū, ā, i te taha o tēnā, ka hohonu haere tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā otinga me ngā korori. Tērā pea ko ngā rangahau hou ko te ako i te taunekeneke a ngā matūriki korori i roto i ngā pāpāho matatini ake, me pēhea rānei te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga korori o ngā otinga mō ngā tono ahumahi.
Hei tauira, i roto i te hangarau nano, he mea nui te mahi a ngā koroidi ki te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hou me ngā hanganga kua whakaritea i te tauine nanometa, e huaki ana te kuaha ki ngā auahatanga i roto i te hikohiko, te rongoā, me te pūngao.
Whakamutunga
He āhuatanga matū taketake ngā otinga me ngā korori, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Mā te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga, ngā hanganga, me ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ēnei pūnaha e rua, ka whakarei ake i te mōhiotanga matū taketake, engari ka whakarato hoki i ngā māramatanga e tika ana mō te whānuitanga o ngā ahumahi. Ko te mōhiotanga ki ngā otinga me ngā korori te mea nui ki ngā auahatanga me ngā whanaketanga hangarau ā muri ake nei.
