Ariā Photon
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā photon he matūriki taketake e hanga ana i te quanta o te mārama me ngā momo irahiko hikohiko katoa. He mahi nui tā ngā photon i roto i ngā momo mara o te ahupūngao, mai i te miihini irahiko ki te whatu me te hangarau mōhiohio. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o ngā photon, te hītori o tō rātou kitenga, ō rātou āhuatanga taketake, me ngā momo tono e whakamahi ana i a rātou i roto i te pūtaiao me te hangarau.
Hītori o te Kitea o ngā Photon
Te Ariā Kuantum o te Mārama
I mua i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i whakaarohia te mārama he ngaru hikohiko i whakaahuatia e te ariā a Maxwell. Heoi, ko ētahi āhuatanga, pērā i te pānga hikohiko i kitea e Heinrich Hertz i te tau 1887, kāore i taea te whakamārama e te ariā ngaru tawhito o te mārama. I roto i tana tuhinga o te tau 1905, i whakaarohia e Albert Einstein te ariā he mea hanga te mārama i ngā putea pūngao motuhake e kiia nei ko te quanta mārama, ko ngā photon rānei.
I whakamahia e Einstein tēnei ariā hei whakamārama i te pānga hikohiko, te wāhi e peia ai ngā irahiko mai i te mata whakarewa ina kitea ki te mārama. I whakaaro ia he pūngao tō ngā photon \( E = h\nu \), ko \( h \) te pūmau a Planck, ā, ko \( \nu \) te auau o te mārama. I muri mai ka whakamātauhia tēnei ariā mā roto i ngā whakamātautau maha, me te whakaū i te takirua ngaru-matūriki o te mārama, ā, i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te miihini irahiko.
Te Whakamōhiotanga me te Whakawhanaketanga
I whānuitia te mōhiotanga o te ariā o te photon i te wā i whakaatu ai a Arthur Compton i te tau 1923 he kaha tō ngā photon, mā te pānga Compton. I whakaatuhia e tēnei whakamātautau he rite te mahi a ngā photon ki ngā matūriki, e tukinga ana ki ngā irahiko, e neke ana i te roangaru o te mārama marara. I te mutunga ka whānuitia te whakaae ki te ariā o te photon, ā, ka noho hei wāhanga nui o te ahupūngao o ēnei rā.
Ngā Āhuatanga Taketake o ngā Photon
Pūngao me te Auautanga
E pā tika ana te kaha o te photon ki tōna auau mā te whārite a Einstein:
\[ E = h\nu \]
Kei hea:
– Ko te pūngao photon te \( E \).
– Ko te pūmau a Planck ko te \( h \) (\( 6.626 \times 10^{-34} \) Js).
– Ko te auau o te irahiko hikohiko te \( \nu \).
He iti rawa te pūngao o ngā photon, engari i ngā auau teitei (pērā i ngā hihi-X me ngā hihi gamma), ka nui rawa te pūngao o ngā photon hei whakakōkī i ngā ngota me ngā ngota.
Te Momentum me te Roangaru
Ahakoa kāore he papatipu okiokinga o te photon, ko tōna nekehanga e homai ana e:
\[ p = \frac{E}{c} = \frac{h\nu}{c} = \frac{h}{\lambda} \]
Kei hea:
– Ko te nekehanga o te photon ko \( p \).
– Ko te tere o te mārama i roto i te korehau ko te \( c \).
– Ko te \( \lambda \) te roanga ngaru o te mārama.
He mea nui te nekehanga photon i roto i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pānga Compton me te pēhanga irahiko.
Kore Papatipu Okiokinga
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ngā photon ko te korenga o te papatipu okiokinga (\(m_0 = 0\)). Heoi, kei ngā photon te pūngao me te nekehanga, e āhei ai rātou ki te kawe me te whakawhiti pūngao i roto i te ahua o te irahiko hikohiko. Ko te noho o ngā photon e whai ana hoki i te whanaungatanga whanaungatanga i waenga i te pūngao me te nekehanga:
\[ E^2 = (pc)^2 + (m_0 c^2)^2 \]
Mā te \( m_0 = 0 \), ka māmā ake tēnei whārite ki \( E = pc \).
Te Takiruatanga o te Ngaru-Matūriki
He takirua ngā pūaho-ngaru o ngā pūaho, ka taea e rātou te whanonga rite ki ngā matūriki i ētahi whakamātautau, ā, rite ki ngā ngaru i ētahi atu. E whakamāramahia ana tēnei āhuatanga e te ariā o te miihini irahiko.
Te Whakararuraru me te Whakarerekētanga
Ko ngā whakamātautau pēnei i te whakamātautau rua-kōhatu a Young e whakaatu ana i te āhua ngaru o ngā photon mā roto i ngā tauira pokanoa. Ina tukuna te mārama mā roto i ngā kōhatu whaiti e rua, ka puta he tauira pokanoa e rite ana ki ngā ngaru.
Ngā Pānga Whakaahua-Hiko me ngā Pānga Compton
I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā whakamātautau pēnei i te pānga hikohiko me te pānga Compton e whakaatu ana i te āhua matūriki o ngā photon. I roto i te pānga hikohiko, ka mahi ngā photon pērā i ngā matūriki, ka whakawhiti i ō rātou pūngao ki ngā irahiko, ka peia atu i te mata whakarewa. I roto i te pānga Compton, ka tukinga ngā photon ki ngā irahiko, ka huri i tō rātou ahunga me te roanga ngaru, e tohu ana i te nekehanga o te photon.
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Photon i roto i te Pūtaiao me te Hangarau
Ngā Tirohanga me ngā Whakaahua
Ko ngā photon te tūāpapa o ngā whatu me ngā photonics, e whakauru ana i ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā lasers, ngā muka whatu, me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga whatu. Ka whakaputahia e ngā lasers ngā hihi honohono o ngā photon e whakamahia ana i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono, tae atu ki te pokanga hauora, te tukatuka rauemi, me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga tawhiti.
Hangarau Mōhiohio
I roto i te hangarau mōhiohio, ka whakamahia ngā photon i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga muka-whatu, e āhei ai te whakawhiti raraunga tere-teitei mā runga i ngā whatunga ipurangi. Ka whakamahia e tēnei hangarau te kaha o ngā photon ki te whakawhiti i te nui o ngā mōhiohio i te tere o te mārama.
Pūngao whakahou
Ko te photovoltaics he hangarau e huri ana i te pūngao o te rā ki te hiko mā te whakamahi i ngā pūtau solar. Ka hopukina e ngā pūtau solar ngā photon mai i te rā, ka hurihia hei hiko mā te pānga photovoltaic, he tono tika o te ariā photon.
Hauora me te Tātaritanga
I roto i te rongoā, e whakamahia ana ngā photon i roto i ngā momo tikanga tātaritanga me te rongoā. Ka whakamahia e te hihi-X ngā photon pūngao nui hei whakaputa whakaahua o te tinana tangata. Ka whakamahia hoki e te rongoā hihi ngā photon hei whakangaro i ngā pūtau matepukupuku.
Rangahau Ahupūngao
He taputapu nui ngā photon i roto i te rangahau ahupūngao taketake, tae atu ki te ako i te hanganga ngota me te hanganga ngota mā te tirotiro ira. Ko ngā whakamātautau ahupūngao matūriki, pērā i ngā mea e whakahaerehia ana i roto i ngā whakatere matūriki, he maha ngā wā ka uru ngā photon ki ngā taunekeneke matūriki me te pirau.
Ngā Wero me te Ao o Muri Mai
Ahakoa kua tere haere te whanaketanga o tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā photon, he maha tonu ngā wero kei roto i te rangahau photon. Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau irahiko e whakamahi ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā photon, pērā i te rorohiko irahiko me te whakawhitiwhiti irahiko.
Rorohiko Kuantum
Ka whakamahia e te rorohiko matūriki ngā āhuatanga matūriki o ngā photon hei mahi tatau tere ake i ngā rorohiko tawhito. Ka whakamahia ngā photon hei qubit i roto i ngā rorohiko matūriki photonic, ka taea te tukatuka i ngā mōhiohio i ngā huarahi kāore e taea e ngā rorohiko tuku iho.
Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Irahiko
Ka whakamahia e te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matū ngā irahiko hei tuku kōrero me te tino haumarutanga. Mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te tohatoha kī matū (QKD), ka taea te whakamahi i ngā irahiko hei tuku i ngā kī whakamunatanga kore e taea te whakakore me te kore e kitea, e oati ana i tētahi huringa nui i roto i te haumarutanga mōhiohio.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ariā o te photon he pou matua o te ahupūngao hou, e hono ana i te ariā tawhito me te miihini irahiko. Mai i tōna kitenga tuatahi e Einstein ki ōna tono matatau i roto i te hangarau irahiko, kei te whai wāhi tonu te photon ki te whakatairanga i te pūtaiao me te hangarau.
Kua hurihia te tirohanga a te mārama ki ngā photon ki te māramatanga o te māramatanga ki ngā hihi hikohiko, ā, kua ara ake te huarahi mō ngā auahatanga hou, ka taea te huri i te ao. I te haere tonu o ngā rangahau, ka taea e tātou te tumanako atu ki ētahi atu tono hou e whakamahi ana i ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ngā photon, ka nui ake te mohio me te hononga o tō tātou ao.
