He ariā nui te whirihoranga irahiko i roto i te matū e whakaahua ana i te tohatoha o ngā irahiko i roto i te ngota, i te ngota rānei. Mā te mārama ki te whirihoranga irahiko ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te matapae i ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o tētahi huānga, o tētahi matū rānei. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mātāpono taketake o te whirihoranga irahiko, me pēhea te whakarite o ngā irahiko i roto i ngā porowhita, me tōna hiranga i roto i te matū.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Whirihoranga Irahiko
E whakaahua ana te whirihoranga irahiko i te tohatoha o ngā irahiko i waenga i ngā porowhita ngota. Ko ētahi o ngā mātāpono matua e whakahaere ana i te whirihoranga irahiko ko te Mātāpono Aufbau, te Mātāpono Whakakore Pauli, me te Ture a Hund.
Te Mātāpono o Aufbau
Ko te mātāpono Aufbau, ko tōna tikanga he "hanga ake" i te reo Tiamana, e kī ana ko ngā irahiko ka whakakī i ngā porowhita iti-pūngao i te tuatahi i mua i te whakakī i ngā porowhita teitei-pūngao. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka whakakīhia e ngā irahiko te porowhita 1s i mua i te porowhita 2s, me te porowhita 2s i mua i te porowhita 2p, ā, pērā tonu. Ko te raupapa o ngā pūngao porowhita e whai ana i te tūtohi Aufbau, e whakaata ana i te raupapa pūngao whanaunga o ngā porowhita.
Te Mātāpono Whakakorenga a Pauli
Ko te Mātāpono Whakakore Pauli, i whakatakotoria e Wolfgang Pauli, e kī ana kāore e taea e ngā irahiko e rua i roto i te ngota te whai i ngā tau irahiko e whā rite tonu. Ko ēnei tau irahiko ko te tau irahiko matua (n), te tau irahiko azimuthal (l), te tau irahiko aukume (m), me te tau irahiko takahuri (s). Arā, ka taea e ia porowhita te whakauru i te mōrahi o ngā irahiko e rua me ngā takahuri rerekē.
Te Ture a Hund
E ai ki te ture a Hund, mō ngā porowhita he ōrite te kaha (kua heke), ka whakakīia ia porowhita e ngā irahiko ki te irahiko kotahi i mua i te hononga. Ko te tikanga tēnei i roto i te anga iti-p me ngā porowhita e toru, ka whakakīia ia porowhita ki te irahiko kotahi i mua i te hononga. Mā tēnei ture ka whakaitihia te pana i waenga i ngā irahiko mā te pupuri i a rātou kia kore e takirua.
Te Tuhi i ngā Whirihoranga Irahiko
Ka tuhia ngā whirihoranga irahiko mā te whakamahi i tētahi tohu e tohu ana i te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i ia porowhita. Kei roto i tēnei tohu te tau matua o te irahiko (n), te momo porowhita (s, p, d, f), me te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i taua porowhita i roto i te tuhinga matua.
Ngā Tauira Whirihoranga Irahiko
Koinei te tauira o te tuhi i ngā whirihoranga irahiko mō ētahi huānga:
1. Hauwai (H), Tau Atomi 1:
– Whirihoranga: 1s¹
2. Hīriamu (He), Tau Ātomi 2:
– Whirihoranga: 1s²
3. Waro (C), Tau Atomi 6:
– Whirihoranga: 1s² 2s² 2p²
4. Neon (Ne), Tau Atomi 10:
– Whirihoranga: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶
5. Konutai (Na), Tau Atomika 11:
– Whirihoranga: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹
Te Whakamahi i te Tohu Hau Rangatira
Mō ngā huānga he nui ake ngā tau ngota, ka tuhia ngā whirihoranga irahiko ki tētahi āhua poto mā te whakamahi i te tuhi hau rangatira. Ko ngā hau rangatira he huānga kei roto i te rōpū 18 o te ripanga ā-pūmotu, ā, kei roto i tō rātou anga waho rawa te whirihoranga irahiko katoa. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tuhi te tohu mō te hau rangatira o mua i roto i ngā pūrua tapawhā, ā, ka whai ake ko te whirihoranga irahiko tāpiri.
1. Konupūmā (Mg), Tau Atomika 12:
– Whirihoranga: [Ne] 3s²
2. Haumāota (Cl), Tau Atomika 17:
– Whirihoranga: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵
3. Pāhare pākawa (K), Tau Atomi 19:
– Whirihoranga: [Ar] 4s¹
4. Rino (Fe), Tau Atomi 26:
– Whirihoranga: [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
Ngā Āmiomio me ngā Angaanga-iti
Ka karapotia te karihi ngota e ngā irahiko i roto i ngā porowhita kua whakaritea ki ngā anga me ngā anga iti. He āhua me te pūngao ahurei tō ia porowhita, ā, ka taea te whakauru i te mōrahi o ngā irahiko e rua me ngā takahuri rerekē.
Anga Irahiko
Ko ngā anga irahiko e tohuhia ana e te tau matua irahiko (n) ā, e rite ana ki ngā taumata pūngao matua. Ko ēnei anga kua tohua ko K, L, M, N, me ērā atu, e rite ana ki a n = 1, 2, 3, 4, me ērā atu. Ka taea e ia anga te pupuri i te maha mōrahi o ngā irahiko i whakatauhia e te tātai 2n².
– E rua ngā irahiko ka taea te pupuri i te anga K (n=1).
– Ka taea e te anga L (n=2) te whakauru i te mōrahi o te 8 irahiko.
– Ka taea e te anga M (n=3) te pupuri i te 18 irahiko mōrahi.
Ngā angaanga iti me ngā āwhata
Kei roto i ia anga he anga iti ake, kua tohua ko s, p, d, f. He rerekē ngā āhua porowhita o ēnei anga iti, ā, he rerekē hoki ngā kaha ki te pupuri i ngā irahiko:
– Angaanga iti: Kotahi te porowhita, ā, e rua ngā irahiko ka taea te whakauru.
– angaanga-p: E toru ngā porowhita, ā, e ono ngā irahiko ka taea te whakauru.
– Anga iti d: E 5 ngā porowhita, ā, ka taea te whakauru i te 10 irahiko.
– Anga iti f: E 7 ngā porowhita, ka taea te whakauru ki te 14 ngā irahiko.
Te Hiranga o te Whirihoranga Irahiko
He mea tino nui te whirihoranga irahiko hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o tētahi huānga. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui e pāngia ana e te whirihoranga irahiko ko:
1. Ngā Āhuatanga Matū me te Tauhohenga
He nui te awe o ngā āhuatanga matū o tētahi huānga ki te hanganga o ngā irahiko i roto i tōna anga o waho rawa, e kiia nei ko ngā irahiko valence. Mā ngā irahiko valence ka whakatau te taunekeneke me te tauhohenga o tētahi huānga ki ētahi atu huānga. Hei tauira, ko ngā huānga i roto i te Rōpū 1 o te ripanga ā-pūmotu (ngā konganuku kawakore) he irahiko valence kotahi e ngaro ngāwari ana, e tino tauhohe ana, e ngāwari ana hoki ki te hanga i ngā katote utu pai.
2. Te Hanganga o ngā Here Matū
Mā te whirihoranga irahiko anō hoki e whakatau ngā momo hononga matū ka taea e te huānga te hanga. Hei tauira, e whā ngā irahiko valence o te waro ka taea te hanga hononga covalent e whā me ētahi atu ngota, ka taea ai e ia te hanga i ngā momo matū rauropi matatini.
3. Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana
Ka pāngia hoki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana pēnei i te ira rewa, te ira koropupū, me te kawe hiko e te hanganga irahiko. Hei tauira, he irahiko-d kāore anō kia tino kī i roto i ngā konganuku whakawhiti, ā, ka puta he āhuatanga pēnei i te kawe hiko teitei me te kaha ki te hanga koranu.
4. Whānuitanga Atomika
Ko te whirihoranga irahiko te mea e whakatau ana i te whānuitanga ngota, arā, te tauira o ngā rārangi whānuitanga e puta ana i te wā e whakawhiti ana ngā irahiko i roto i te ngota i waenga i ngā taumata pūngao rerekē. He taputapu nui tēnei whānuitanga i roto i te tātaritanga mō te tautuhi i ngā huānga me te ako i te hanganga ngota.
5. Te Pūmautanga me ngā Auahatanga o ngā Isotopes
Ka pā anō hoki te whirihoranga irahiko ki te pumau o te karihi o te huānga me tōna āhua ki te hanga i ngā isotope. Ko ngā huānga he anga waho kī tonu ka noho pumau ake, ā, kāore i te tino tauhohe, ko ngā huānga ia he anga waho kāore i oti ka noho tauhohe ake, ā, he āhua ki te ngaro, ki te whiwhi rānei i ngā irahiko kia tutuki ai te pumau.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whirihoranga irahiko he ariā taketake i roto i te matū e whakaahua ana i te tohatoha o ngā irahiko i roto i te ngota. Mā ngā mātāpono taketake pēnei i te Mātāpono Aufbau, te Mātāpono Whakakore a Pauli, me te Ture a Hund ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te whakakī o ngā porowhita e ngā irahiko. Ka pā te whirihoranga irahiko ki ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o tētahi huānga, tae atu ki te tauhohenga, te hanganga hononga matū, me ngā irahiko ngota. Mā te mārama ki te whirihoranga irahiko ka taea e tātou te matapae i te whanonga o ngā huānga me ngā matū i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū me ngā tono hangarau. Ehara i te mea he mea nui tēnei māramatanga i roto i te matū anake engari he whānui hoki ngā pānga ki te ahupūngao, te koiora, me te pūtaiao rauemi.
