Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Hauwaiwaro
Ko ngā hauwaiwaro he matū waro e titoa ana i ngā ngota waro (C) me te hauwaiwaro (H) anake. Ko ēnei ngā wāhanga matua o ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te hinu, te hau māori, me te waro. He mea nui te mārama ki te whakarōpūtanga hauwaiwaro nā te mea he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i te matū waro me te whakaputa i ngā hua matū. Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā hauwaiwaro ki ngā rōpū matua e rua i runga i tō rātou hanganga ngota: ngā hauwaiwaro aliphatic me ngā hauwaiwaro kakara. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou ēnei whakarōpūtanga, ō rātou wāhanga iti, me ngā tauira me ngā āhuatanga o ia wāhanga.
Ngā Waikawa Āraipatika
Ko ngā hauwaiwai āripātika he hauwaiwai kua whakaritea ō rātou ngota ki roto i ngā mekameka tuwhera (rārangi, peka rānei) i roto rānei i ngā mowhiti kore-kakara.
1. Ngā ārani
Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga
Ko ngā ārani he warowaihā kua kōtui, he kotahi noa te hononga i waenga i ngā ngota waro. Ko te tātai whānui CnH2n+2 te tohu mō ēnei. E herea ana ia ngota waro i roto i te ārani ki ētahi atu ngota e whā. Ko ngā tauira māmā o ngā ārani ko te methane (CH4), te ethane (C2H6), me te propane (C3H8).
Ko ngā ārani he iti ake te tauhohenga i ērā atu momo warowaihā nā te mea he hononga σ kotahi (sigma) ngā here waro-waro katoa, he tino kaha, he pumau hoki. He kore-polar hoki, ā, he uaua ki te wairewa i roto i te wai, engari ka wairewa i roto i ngā whakarewa waro pērā i te ether me te chloroform.
Ngā Tauira me te Whakamahinga
– Ko te methane (CH4) te wahie matua mō te hau māori.
– Ka whakamahia te propane (C3H8) i roto i te hau wai (LPG) mō te tunu kai me te whakamahana.
2. Ngā Ākene
Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga
Ko ngā ākene he warowaihā he kotahi te hononga takirua i waenga i ngā ngota waro. Ko tō rātou tauira whānui ko CnH2n. Nā tēnei hononga takirua ka kaha ake te tauhohenga o ngā ākene i ngā ākene nā te ngoikore o te hononga π (pi). Ko ngā tauira o ngā ākene ko te etilena (C2H4) me te propylene (C3H6).
He āhuatanga tāpiri kei ngā alkene, ka taea e te hononga takirua te whakatuwhera me te tāpiri i ngā ngota hou, pērā i ngā tauhohenga hauwai, i ngā tauhohenga halogenation rānei.
Ngā Tauira me te Whakamahinga
– E whakamahia ana te ethylene (C2H4) i roto i te hanga polyethylene, he kirihou tino kitea i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
– He rauemi mata te propylene (C3H6) i roto i te umanga hei hanga polypropylene, he kirihou e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā momo mahi tākai.
3. Ngā ārikini
Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga
Ko ngā alkyne he warowaihā he hononga takitoru kei waenganui i ngā ngota waro e rua. Ko tō rātou tauira whānui ko CnH2n-2. Pērā i ngā alkene, he kaha ake te tauhohenga nā te mea he ngoikore ngā hononga π. Ko ngā tauira noa ko te ethylene (C2H2) me te propylene (C3H4).
He āhuatanga ahurei tō ngā alkyne i roto i ngā tauhohenga tāpiri, pērā i ngā tauhohenga hauwai e taea ai te whakaputa i ngā alkene, i ngā alkane rānei.
Ngā Tauira me te Whakamahinga
– Ko te ethylene (C2H2), e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te acetylene, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi whakarewa me te tapahi nā te mea he tino wera te mura e puta mai ana.
Ngā Hauwaiwaro Hurihuri
Ko ngā warowaihā huringa he warowaihā e hanga ana i tētahi mekameka kati, i tētahi mowhiti rānei, ā, ka hangaia e ngā ngota waro he mekameka kati, he mowhiti rānei. Ka taea e ngā warowaihā huringa te whakakī (cycloalkanes) te kore whakakī rānei (cycloalkenes).
1. Ngā Cycloalkanes
Ko ngā cycloalkanes he warowaihā me ngā mekameka waro porowhita kei roto ko ngā hononga takitahi anake. Ko te tātai whānui ko CnH2n, he rerekē ki ngā alkanes rārangi.
Ngā Tauira me te Whakamahinga
– Ka whakamahia te cyclohexane (C6H12) hei whakarewa kore-poro, hei rauemi mata hoki mō te hanga caprolactam, e whakamahia ana hei hanga nairona.
2. Ngā sikloalkene
Ko ngā cycloalkene he warowaihā kei roto i te hanganga mowhiti kotahi, neke atu rānei, ngā hononga takirua. He nui ake te tauhohenga atu i ngā cycloalkene nā te mea kei roto ngā hononga takirua.
Ngā Tauira me te Whakamahinga
– Ko te cyclohexene (C6H10), he rite porohita ki te hexene, e whakamahia ana i roto i te matū waro hangai.
Ngā Hauwaiwaro Kakara
E mōhiotia ana ngā hauwaiwaro kakara mō tō rātou pumau teitei nā te hanganga mowhiti haruru, e ono ngā ngota waro kei roto. Ko te hanganga tino noa ko te benzene, ko te tātai C6H6.
1. Benzene me ōna matū whakaputa
Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga
Ko te benzene te warowaihā kakara māmā rawa atu, ko tōna tātai C6H6. Ka hangaia e ngā ngota waro i roto i te benzene he mowhiti me te hanganga papatahi, ko ia ngota waro e herea ana ki te ngota hauwai kotahi.
Te Tauhohenga me ngā Whakamahinga
He tino pumau te benzene nā te tangohanga o ngā irahiko π i roto i te hanganga haruru o te mowhiti benzene. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te benzene me ōna hua hei rauemi mata i roto i te hanganga o ngā matū maha, tae atu ki ngā rongoā, ngā kirihou, me ngā tae.
2. Ngā Hauwaiwaro Maha-aromata
Ko ngā warowaihā maha-aromata he mea tito mai i ngā mowhiti kakara e rua, neke atu rānei, kua hanumi. He mea noa ēnei e kitea ana i roto i ngā hua o te tahunga kāore i oti o ngā rauemi rauropi, pērā i te paoa hikareti me te hau o ngā waka.
Ngā Tauira me te Whakamahinga
– Ko te Naphthalene (C10H8) tētahi tauira noa o te hauwaiwai polyaromatic e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga tae me ngā patu pepeke.
Te Isomerism i roto i ngā Hydrocarbons
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga whakamīharo o te ako i ngā hauwaiwai ko te ariā o te isomerism, arā, ka taea e ngā ngota ngota he rite te tātai matū he rerekē ngā hanganga. Ka taea te whakarōpū i te isomerism ki ētahi momo, tae atu ki:
1. Ngā Iōmera Hanganga
Ko ngā isomer hanganga he isomer e rerekē ana te whakaritenga o ō rātou ngota. Hei tauira, e rua ngā isomer hanganga o te butane (C4H10): te n-butane me te isobutane (methylpropane).
2. Ngā Iōmera Āhuahanga
Kei roto i ngā alkene me ngā alkene hurihuri ngā isomera ā-ira. He isomera ēnei e rerekē ana te whakatakotoranga ā-wāhi o ngā ngota huri noa i te hononga takirua, i te mowhiti rānei.
3. Ngā Iōmera Whatu
Ko ngā isomer whatu he isomer e hangai ana ki ngā ngota e whakaata ana tetahi ki tetahi engari kāore i te ōrite (chiral). He mea tino nui tēnei āhuatanga i roto i te matū rongoā nā te mea he rerekē rawa ngā mahi koiora o ngā isomer whatu rerekē.
Whakamutunga
He matū nui ngā hauwaiwaro, he maha ngā hanganga me ngā āhuatanga e āhei ai te whānuitanga o ngā tono i roto i te ahumahi me te oranga o ia rā. Ko tā rātou whakarōpūtanga taipitopito—ngā alkane, ngā alkene, ngā alkyne, ngā cycloalkane, ngā cycloalkene, me ngā hauwaiwaro kakara—he tūāpapa nui mō te matū waro. Mā te māramatanga hohonu ki ēnei momo hauwaiwaro ka taea te rangahau, te whanaketanga, me ngā tono whai hua ake i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā mara, mai i te pūngao ki ngā rongoā.
