Taurite i roto i te Otinga
Ko te taurite i roto i te matū he āhua e tere haere ai te tauhohenga matū i ngā ahunga whakamua me ngā ahunga whakamuri, kia mau tonu ai te kukū o ngā matū tauhohe me ngā hua i roto i te wā. I roto i ngā otinga, ka kiia tēnei taurite ko te taurite otinga, e kapi ana i ngā momo āhuatanga nui, tae atu ki te wairewa tote, te taurite waikawa-pūtake, me ētahi atu āhuatanga uaua. He mea nui te māramatanga hōhonu ki te taurite otinga mō ngā tono pūtaiao me ngā tono ahumahi maha.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Taurite Matū
Ka taea te whakamārama i te ariā taketake o te taurite matū mā te ture o te mahi papatipu, e matapaki ana i te whakawhirinaki o te tere o te tauhohenga matū ki te kukū o ngā matū e uru ana ki te tauhohenga. Mena ka taea te whakaatu i tētahi tauhohenga matū whānui penei:
\[ aA + bB \leftrightarrow cC + dD \]
Ka whakaatuhia te taurite e te pūmau taurite (K), arā:
\[ K = \frac{[C]^c [D]^d}{[A]^a [B]^b} \]
Mā te uara K ka homai he mōhiotanga nui mō te ahunga me te tawhiti o te tauhohenga e ahu whakamua ana ki ngā hua, e noho tonu ana rānei hei matū tauhohe.
Te Taurite i roto i ngā Tauhohenga Otinga
He ranunga ōrite te otinga, e rewa ana te matū wairewa ki roto i te whakarewa. Mō te taurite i roto i ngā otinga, he maha ngā wā ka tirohia e mātou:
1. Taurite o te Wairewatanga:
– Ko te otinga kukū he otinga kua eke te wairewatanga o te mea matū ki tōna taumata teitei rawa.
– Mō te tote e memeha ana, pērā i te \(AB_s\), ka memeha i runga i te tauhohenga \(AB_s (s) \leftrightarrow A^+ (aq) + B^- (aq) \), ka hoatu te pūmau hua memeha (\(K_{sp}\)) e:
\[ K_{sp} = [A^+][B^-] \]
2. Taurite Waikawa-Pūtake:
– Ka wehea ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore i roto i te wairewa hei hanga i ngā katote. Hei tauira, mō te waikawa ngoikore \(HA\):
\[ HA \pere maui H^+ (aq) + A^- (aq) \]
– Ko te pūmau wehewehe waikawa (\(K_a\)) e whakaatuhia ana penei:
\[ K_a = \frac{[H^+][A^-]}{[HA]} \]
– Mō te turanga ngoikore \(BOH\):
\[ BOH \perema maui B^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq) \]
– Ko te pūmau wehewehe turanga (\(K_b\)) e whakaatuhia ana penei:
\[ K_b = \frac{[B^+][OH^-]}{[BOH]} \]
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Taurite
1. Te Arotahi:
– Mā te tāpiri, te tango rānei i ngā matū tauhohe, i ngā hua rānei ka taea te neke i te taurite e ai ki te Mātāpono a Le Chatelier.
2. Te pāmahana:
– Kei runga i te āhua o te tauhohenga he werawera-roto, he werawera-waho rānei. Mā te tāpiri o te pūngao (wera) ka nekehia te taurite ki ngā hua i roto i ngā tauhohenga werawera-roto, ā, ko te ritenga kē mō ngā tauhohenga werawera-waho.
3. Pēhanga:
– He mea nui i roto i ngā tauhohenga hau, ina taea e ngā panonitanga pēhanga te neke i te taurite i runga i te maha o ngā mole o te matū tauhohe me ngā hau hua.
4. Kaiwhakaoho:
– Ka tere ake te tere o te taenga ki te taurite e ngā kaiwhakaoho engari kāore e whakarerekē i te tūnga taurite tonu.
Te Whakamahinga o te Taurite i roto i ngā Otinga
1. Ahumahi Matū:
– Ka pāngia tika te whakaputanga o te haukini mā te tukanga Haber e uru ana te whakakotahitanga o te hauota me te hauwai e te taurite matū.
2. Te Maimoatanga Wai:
– Ka whakamahia e te purenga wai ngā mātāpono o te taurite wairewa hei whakahaere i te whakatakotoranga o ētahi kohuke.
3. Matū koiora:
– Ko te pūnaha ārai i roto i te tinana e pupuri ana i te pH toto ki tētahi taumata pumau he tauira o te whakamahinga o te taurite waikawa-pūtake.
4. Whare Rongoā:
– He maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te whakahaere i te taurite waikawa-pūtake i roto i ngā hanganga rongoā kia pai ai te wātea o te matū hohe i roto i te tinana.
Tauira tauira
Taurite o te Wairewatanga:
Whakaarohia e hiahia ana tātou ki te whakatau i te wairewatanga o \(CaF_2\) i roto i te wai. Ko te tauhohenga wairewatanga ko:
\[ CaF_2 (s) \pere maui Ca^{2+} (aq) + 2F^- (aq) \]
E mōhiotia ana ko \(K_{sp}\) ko \(3.9 \times 10^{-11}\):
Ngā Hipanga:
1. Whakatakotoria te whārite wairewa i runga i te ripanga kukū parakore \(s\):
\[ K_{sp} = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2 \]
\[ 3.9 \whakareatia 10^{-11} = (s)(2s)^2 \]
2. Whakatauhia mō \(s\):
\[ 3.9 \times 10^{-11} = 4s^3 \]
\[ s = \left( \frac{3.9 \times 10^{-11}}{4} \right)^{1/3} \]
\[ s = \left(9.75 \times 10^{-12}\right)^{1/3} \]
\[ s = 2.13 \times 10^{-4} \]
Taurite Waikawa-Pūtake:
Tauira: Te whakatau i te pH o te otinga waikawa acetic (\(CH_3COOH\)):
I hoatu: \[ K_a = 1.8 \times 10^{-5} \]
Ngā Hipanga:
– Hei tohu i te wehenga waikawa:
\[ CH_3COOH \leftrightarrow H^+ + CH_3COO^- \]
– Waihangahia he ripanga kukū (ICE) ka tāuru i ngā uara.
Mehemea ko te kukū tīmatanga he 0.1 M acetate, ko te huringa i te wā taurite ko \(x\):
\[ K_a = \frac{x^2}{0.1 – x} \approx \frac{x^2}{0.1} \]
\[ 1.8 \times 10^{-5} = \frac{x^2}{0.1} \]
\[ x^2 = 1.8 \whakareatia ki te 10^{-6} \]
\[ x = 1.34 \whakareatia ki te 10^{-3} \]
Nā, pH:
\[ pH = -\log[H^+] \]
pH = -\log(1.34 \times 10^{-3}) \approx 2.87 \]
Te Katinga
Mā te taurite i roto i te otinga ka kitea ngā taunekeneke matatini i waenga i ngā wāhanga matū i roto i tētahi pūnaha e anga whakamua tonu ana ki te pumau hihiri. Mā ngā mātāpono taketake, ngā āhuatanga awe, me ngā whakamahinga o tēnei taurite ka whakanuia tōna hiranga ki ngā āhuatanga ariā me ngā āhuatanga mahi o te matū me ngā mara e pā ana. Mā te mārama hohonu ake ki te taurite i roto i te otinga, ka taea e tātou te whakahaere me te whakamahi i ngā tauhohenga matū mō ngā kaupapa pūtaiao me ngā kaupapa ahumahi.
