Glycolysis: He Tukanga Hira i roto i te Pūngao Pūngao
Ko te glycolysis tētahi ara matua o te pākia o te pūtau. Koinei te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te pakaru o te hukahuka hei whakaputa pūngao i roto i te ahua o te adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ka taea te glycolysis i raro i ngā āhuatanga aerobic me te anaerobic, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he hāora, e āhei ai te puta i roto i te nuinga o ngā momo pūtau, mai i te huakita ki ngā kararehe whakangote. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou te glycolysis me te taipitopito, tae atu ki ōna wāhanga, ngā whākōkī e whai wāhi ana, me tōna hiranga i roto i te horopaki o te pākia o te pūtau.
1. Whakataki ki te Glycolysis
I ahu mai te kupu "glycolysis" i ngā kupu Kariki e rua: 'glucus', ko tōna tikanga he reka, me te 'lysis', ko tōna tikanga he pakaru. Ko te tikanga o te kupu "glycolysis" ko te pakaru o te huka. I roto i te matū koiora, e pā ana ki tētahi raupapa o ngā tauhohenga e huri ai te hukahuka, he monosaccharide waro-ono, ki te pyruvate, he monosaccharide waro-toru. Ka puta tēnei tukanga i roto i te cytoplasm o te pūtau, ā, ka puta he pūngao i roto i te ahua o te ATP me te ngota whakaiti NADH.
2. Ngā Wāhanga o te Glycolysis
Tekau ngā taahiraa tauhohenga o te glycolysis e whakakorikoria ana e ngā whākōkī motuhake. Ka taea te wehewehe i tēnei tukanga kia rua ngā wāhanga matua: te wāhanga haumi pūngao me te wāhanga utu pūngao.
2.1. Wāhanga Pūngao Pūngao
I tēnei wāhanga, e rua ngā ngota ATP ka whakauruhia hei tīmatanga i te pakaru o te huka. Ko ngā mahi matua o tēnei wāhanga ko:
1. Te Whakapūngao Huka: Ka hurihia te huka ki te huka-6-phosphate e te whākōkī hexokinase, te glucokinase rānei. Kotahi te ngota ATP e pau ana i tēnei tukanga.
2. Whakakotahitanga: Ka hurihia te hukahuka-6-phosphate ki te fructose-6-phosphate e te whākōkī phosphoglucoisomerase.
3. Te Whakapūngao o te Fructose-6-Phosphate: Ka hurihia te Fructose-6-phosphate ki te fructose-1,6-bisphosphate e te whākōkī phosphofructokinase-1, mā te whakamahi i tētahi atu ngota ATP.
4. Te Wehenga o te Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate: Ka wehea tēnei ngota kia rua ngā ngota waro-toru, arā, ko te dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) me te glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), e te whākōkī aldolase.
5. Te whakawehewehenga o te DHAP ki te G3P: Ka hurihia te DHAP ki te G3P e te whākōkī triase phosphate isomerase, ā, i te mutunga o tēnei wāhanga e rua ngā ngota G3P mai i te ngota huka kotahi.
2.2. Wāhanga Utu Pūngao
Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga e whakaputa ana i te pūngao. Kei roto i ēnei wāhanga:
1. Te whakapūngao G3P: Ka whakapūngaohia ia G3P ki te 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate e te whākōkī glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, me te whakahekenga o NAD+ ki te NADH.
2. Te Hanganga ATP: Ka hurihia ia 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ki te 3-phosphoglycerate e te whākōkī phosphoglycerate kinase, ka puta he ngota ATP kotahi mā te tikanga whakawhiti phosphate.
3. Te Hurihanga o te 3-Phosphoglycerate: Ka hurihia tēnei ngota hei 2-phosphoglycerate e te whākōkī phosphoglycerate mutase.
4. Te maroketanga: Ka hurihia te 2-phosphoglycerate ki te phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) e te whākōkī enolase, ka tukuna he ngota wai kotahi.
5. Te Hanganga o te ATP me te Pyruvate: Ka hurihia te PEP hei pyruvate e te whākōkī pyruvate kinase, ka puta he ngota kotahi o te ATP.
3. Pūngao me ngā Hua o te Glycolysis
I roto i te huringa kotahi o te glycolysis, ka puta mai i te ngota hukahuka kotahi ngā ngota pyruvate e rua, ngā ATP kupenga e rua (e whā ngā ATP e hangaia ana engari e rua e whakamahia ana), me ngā ngota NADH e rua. Ko te ATP e puta ana ka whakamahia tika e te pūtau mō ētahi atu tukanga koiora, ko te NADH ia ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te mekameka kawe irahiko i te wā o te manawa pūtau hei whakaputa i ētahi atu ATP.
4. Te Whakahaere i te Glycolysis
Ko te tukanga o te glycolysis he mea whakahaere pūmau e ngā pūtau kia ea ai ngā hiahia pūngao. Ko ngā whākōkī pēnei i te hexokinase, te phosphofructokinase-1, me te pyruvate kinase hei pūwāhi whakahaere matua, ā, ka taea te awe i ā rātou mahi e ngā kukū o te ATP, ADP, AMP, me ētahi atu metabolites. Hei tauira, ko te Phosphofructokinase-1 he whākōkī e whakahaeretia ana e te urupare kino e whakahaeretia ana e te ATP me te citrate, ā, ka whakahohehia e te AMP me te fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.
5. Te Hiranga o te Glycolysis i roto i te Metabolism
He wāhanga nui te glycolysis o te pākia o te pūtau nā te mea e whakarato ana i ngā poraka hanga mō ētahi atu ara pākia. I raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, ko te glycolysis te pūtake matua o te ATP, inā koa i roto i ngā pūtau pēnei i ngā toto whero me ngā uaua i te wā e kaha ana te whakakori tinana. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te huri i ngā hua takawaenga o te glycolysis ki te hanga waikawa amino me te lipid.
6. Te Glycolysis i roto i te Horopaki Whanaketanga
Ko te horapa o te glycolysis i roto i te nuinga o ngā mea ora e kī ana he ara tawhito tēnei mō te pākia o te huka, ā, kua mau tonu i roto i te whanaketanga. Nā te kaha ki te pākia o te huka me te kore hāora i āhei ai ngā mea ora kotahi-pūtau o mua ki te ora i roto i ngā taiao anaerobic tawhito, ā, i whai wāhi atu ki te angitu o te whanaketanga o ngā mea ora aerobic matatini ake.
7. Whakamutunga
He tukanga nui te glycolysis i roto i te pākia o te pūngao e āhei ai ngā pūtau ki te wawahi i te hukahuka hei pūngao whai hua. Haunga tōna tūranga matua ki te whakaputa ATP, ka whakaratohia hoki e te glycolysis ngā ngota takawaenga mō ngā momo ara biosynthetic. Ehara i te mea he mea nui te mārama ki te glycolysis i roto i te koiora taketake anake, engari he pānga anō hoki ki ngā mara pērā i te rongoā, te rongoā, me te hangarau koiora. E whakaatu ana te glycolysis i te ataahua me te uaua o te ora i te taumata ngota, ā, kei te noho tonu hei kaupapa nui mō te rangahau pūtaiao.
