Ngā pūtau whakapūpū: Te Raina Parenga Tuatahi o te Tinana
Ko ngā pūtau ārai mate he pūtau ārai mate e whai wāhi nui ana ki te pūnaha ārai mate o ngā kararehe. Ko te ingoa "phagocyte" i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki, ko te tikanga o "phago" ko "te kai" ā, ko te tikanga o "cyte" ko "te pūtau". E ai ki te ingoa, ko te mahi matua a ngā pūtau he horomi, he kai rānei i ngā matūriki ke pērā i te huakita, te huaketo, me ētahi atu para pūtau, kātahi ka whakangaromia. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo, ngā tikanga mahi, me ngā mahi a ngā pūtau ārai mate i roto i ngā parepare o te tinana.
Ngā momo pūtau whakapūngao
He maha ngā momo pūtau rerekē o ngā pūtau whakapūngao, he mahi motuhake tā ia pūtau i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate. Anei ētahi o ngā momo matua o ngā pūtau whakapūngao:
1. Ngā neutrophil: Ko te momo phagocyte tino kitea i roto i te tinana, ko ngā neutrophil te rārangi tuatahi o te parenga ki te mate. Kei a rātou te kaha ki te neke tere ki ngā wāhi kua pangia, kātahi ka whakaeke i ngā pathogens mā te phagocytosis.
2. Ngā Monocyte me ngā Macrophage: Ko ngā monocyte he toto mā e rere ana i roto i te toto. Kia tae atu rātou ki ngā kiko o te tinana e hiahia ana ki te tiaki pumau, ka huri hei macrophage. He nui ake te kaha o ngā Macrophage ki te phagocyte, ā, he roa ake te ora i ngā neutrophils.
3. Ngā Eosinophil me ngā Basophil: Ahakoa kāore i te rite te whai huatanga ki ngā neutrophil i roto i te phagocytosis, he mea nui te mahi a ngā eosinophil me ngā basophil ki te whawhai ki ngā pirinoa me ngā mate pāwera. Ka tukuna e rātou ngā granules kei roto ngā whākōkī ka taea te whakangaro i ngā pathogens.
4. Ngā Pūtau Dendritic: Haunga te whai wāhi ki te phagocytosis, ka mahi anō hoki ngā pūtau dendritic hei pūtau whakaatu-antigen (APC). Ka tukatukahia e rātou ngā pathogens kua kainga, ka tukuna hoki ngā antigens ki ngā pūtau-T, ka whakaoho i tētahi urupare ārai mate urutau.
Tikanga Mahi a te Phagocyte
Ka tīmata te tukanga o te phagocytosis ina mōhio te phagocyte ki tētahi matūriki tauhou, ā, ka piri atu ki a ia. Ko te tikanga, ka tukuna tēnei mōhiotanga e ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi e mōhio ana ki ngā tauira ngota i runga i te mata o ngā pathogens, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā tauira ngota e pā ana ki te pathogen (PAMPs).
1. Chemotaxis: Ka neke ngā pūtau whakapūngao ki te wāhi e pangia ana e te mate, e te mumura rānei. Ka arahina tēnei tukanga e ngā tohu matū i whakaputaina e ngā pūtau kua pakaru, e ngā mate urutā, e ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate kua whakahohehia rānei.
2. Te Herenga me te Kawe: Kia tae atu ki te ūnga, ka piri te pūtau whakapūpū ki te matūriki mā roto i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi motuhake i runga i tōna mata. Ka mōhio ēnei kaiwhakawhiwhi ki ngā wāhanga motuhake o te mate urutā, arā, ngā opsonin (ngā pūmua e tohu ana i ngā mate urutā mō te whakapūpū).
3. Te Toronga o te Kiriuhi me te Hanganga o te Phagosome: Ka takai te kiriuhi pūtau phagocyte i te pathogen, ka hanga he hanganga e mōhiotia ana ko te phagosome.
4. Te Hononga ki ngā Lysosome: Kātahi ka honoa te phagosome ki tētahi lysosome, kei roto nei ngā whākōkī nakunaku. E mōhiotia ana tēnei hanganga hou ko te phagolysosome.
5. Te Nakunaku me te Whakangaromanga: Ka wahia e ngā whākōkī lysosomal ngā huaketo ki ngā kongakonga iti, ā, ka whakangaromia rātou.
6. Exocytosis: Ka tukuna ngā toenga o ngā matūriki kāore e taea te nakunaku e ngā pūtau whakapūngao ki waho o te pūtau.
Te Tūranga o ngā Pūtau i roto i te Pūnaha Ārai Mate
He mahi nui tā ngā pūtau whakapūngao ki te pupuri i te homeostasis me te tiaki i te tinana mai i te mate. Anei ētahi o ngā mahi nui a ngā pūtau whakapūngao:
– Te Kaiwhakautu Tuatahi ki te Mate: Hei wāhanga o te urupare ārai mate ā-roto, ko ngā pūtau pūtau ngā rārangi mua e tere whakautu ana ki te mate ina uru te huaketo ki te tinana.
– Te Whakahaere i te Urupare Ārai Mate: Ehara i te mea ko ngā pūtau mate anake ka patu i ngā huaketo engari ka kōrero hoki ki ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate. Ka tukuna e rātou ngā cytokine ka taea te kukume i ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate ki te wāhi e pangia ana, ā, ka whakanui ake i te mahi a ētahi atu pūtau.
– Te Whakaaturanga o te Paturopi: He mahi nui tā ngā Macrophage me ngā pūtau dendritic ki te tukatuka me te whakaatu i ngā wāhanga o ngā pathogens (antigens) ki ngā pūtau-T, e tīmata ai te urupare ārai mate urutau.
– Te Tango i ngā Pūtau Mate: Haunga te whakakore i ngā huakita, ko ngā pūtau whakapūngā te kawenga mō te tango i ngā pūtau tinana mate, pakaru rānei, kia kore ai he puranga paru pūtau ka puta ai te mumura.
Ngā pūtau pūtau me te mate
Ahakoa tō rātou tūranga tiaki, ka taea e ngā pūtau whakapūngao te whai wāhi atu ki te whanaketanga o te mate. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga ka uru pea ngā pūtau whakapūngao ki te whanaketanga o te mate ko:
– Mumura Mau tonu: Mā te whakahohenga roa o ngā pūtau whakapūngao ka kino pea ngā kiko ka hua ake ngā mate mumura mau tonu pērā i te mate rumatiki me te atherosclerosis.
– Te ngoikore o te ārai mate: Ko ētahi mate pēnei i te mate granulomatous mau tonu (CGD) ka pāngia e te ngoikore o te mahi a ngā pūtau whakapūkara, ka kore e taea te whawhai tika ki te mate.
– Te Mate Manawa: Mā te nui rawa o te whakahohenga o ngā macrophages i roto i ngā pukahukahu ka pā mai te mate manawa ohorere (ARDS).
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā ngā pūtau whakapūngao i roto i te tiaki i te tinana mai i ngā tūmomo tūmomo riri mate mā te tikanga o te whakapūngao me ētahi atu taunekeneke ārai mate. Mā te mārama ki te mahi me te tikanga o ngā pūtau whakapūngao, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki te uaua me te taurite o te pūnaha ārai mate o te tinana. Mā te rangahau anō mō ngā pūtau whakapūngao me te āhua o tā rātou mahi ka taea te whakatakoto huarahi mō te whanaketanga o ngā rongoā whai hua ake mō ngā mate pipiri me ngā mate mumura. Ahakoa te āhua māmā o te mahi a ngā pūtau whakapūngao ki te horomi me te nakunaku i ngā matūriki ke, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i ngā āhuatanga nui o te urupare ārai mate.
