Tauira o tētahi Pātai Kōrero mō te Pēhanga Osmotic o ngā Wairewa
Pendahuluan
He āhuatanga nui te pēhanga osmotic i roto i te matū me te koiora. Koinei te pēhanga e hiahiatia ana hei aukati i te rere o te wai puta noa i te kiriuhi haurua-whakapūmau mai i te otinga iti te kukū ki te otinga nui te kukū. He mea nui te mārama ki te pēhanga osmotic i roto i ngā momo tono, pērā i ngā tukanga koiora i roto i ngā pūtau, te maimoatanga wai, me te hoahoa rongoā. Hei whakamārama ake i tēnei ariā, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru me ngā otinga e pā ana ki te pēhanga osmotic o ngā otinga.
Pātai 1: Te Tātai i te Pēhanga Osmotic o te Wai Huka
Pātai:
E rua karamu o te sucrose (C12H22O11) ka whakarewaina ki te wai hei hanga i te rōrahi o te 500 mL. He aha te pēhanga osmotic o tēnei wairewa i te 25°C? (Whakamahia te R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1 me te papatipu molar o te sucrose = 342 g/mol).
Kōrero:
1. Tātaihia te mōrahi o te otinga:
Te Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{\text{Te maha o ngā mole o te matū wairewa}}{\text{Te rahinga o te wairewa i roto i ngā rita}} \)
Te maha o ngā mole o te sucrose = \( \dfrac{2 \text{ g}}{342 \text{ g/mol}} \) = 0.00585 mol
Te rōrahi o te otinga = 500 mL = 0.5 L
Te Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{0.00585 \text{ mol}}{0.5 \text{ L}} \) = 0.0117 M
2. Te tatau i te pēhanga osmotic:
Pēhanga osmotic (π) = MRT
Kei hea:
M = 0.0117 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 25°C = 298 K (nā te mea me noho te pāmahana ki Kelvin)
π = (0.0117 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(298 K)
π = 0.286 atm
Nō reira, ko te pēhanga osmotic o te otinga sucrose he 0.286 atm.
Pātai 2: Te Pēhanga Osmotic o te Wairewa Irahiko
Pātai:
He aha te pēhanga osmotic o tētahi otinga NaCl me te kukū o te 0.2 M i te pāmahana o te 27°C? (E mōhiotia ana ko te NaCl he electrolyte e wehea katoatia ana ki te Na+ me te Cl- me te R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Kōrero:
1. Tātaihia te taumata o te wehenga:
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
Nā te mea kua tino wehea te NaCl, ko te tapeke o ngā matūriki i roto i te wairewa he rua ngā ira o te NaCl.
Te tapeke o ngā matūriki = 2 × te maha o ngā mole o te NaCl
2. Te tatau i te pēhanga osmotic:
Pēhanga osmotic (π) = iMRT
Kei hea:
i = 2 (nā te mea e rua ngā momo iona, ko Na+ me Cl-)
M = 0.2 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 27°C = 300 K
π = (2)(0.2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(300 K)
π = 9.852 atm
Nō reira, ko te pēhanga osmotic o te wairewa 0.2 M NaCl i te 27°C he 9.852 atm.
Pātai 3: Te Pēhanga Osmotic i roto i ngā Wairewa Huka me te Huka Huka
Pātai:
Ka hangaia he otinga mā te whakarewa i te 1 mole o te hukahuka (C6H12O6) me te 1 mole o te fructose (C6H12O6) ki roto i te 1 rita wai. He aha te pēhanga osmotic o te otinga i te 37°C? (Whakamahia te R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1)
Kōrero:
1. Tātaihia te tapeke o ngā mole:
Te tapeke o ngā mole = 1 mole o te hukahuka + 1 mole o te fructose = 2 mole
2. Te tatau i te pēhanga osmotic:
Pēhanga osmotic (π) = MRT
Kei hea:
M = 2 mol/L (nā te mea e 2 ngā mol katoa i roto i te 1 rita wai)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 37°C = 310 K
π = (2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(310 K)
π = 50.942 atm
Nō reira, ko te pēhanga osmotic o tētahi otinga kei roto ko te 1 mole o te hukahuka me te 1 mole o te fructose i roto i te 1 rita wai i te 37°C ko te 50.942 atm.
Pātai 4: Te Ranunga o ngā Matū Kore-Irahiko e Rua
Pātai:
He aha te pēhanga osmotic o tētahi ranunga kei roto ko te 0.5 mol o te urea (CO(NH2)2) me te 0.5 mol o te etanoru (C2H5OH) i roto i te 1 rita wai i te 20°C? (R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Kōrero:
1. Tātaihia te tapeke o ngā mole i roto i te otinga:
Te tapeke o ngā mole = 0.5 mol urea + 0.5 mol etanoru = 1 mol
2. Te tatau i te pēhanga osmotic:
Pēhanga osmotic (π) = MRT
Kei hea:
M = 1 mol/L (nā te mea e 1 ngā mol katoa i roto i te 1 rita wai)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 20°C = 293 K
π = (1 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(293 K)
π = 24.0633 atm
Nō reira, ko te pēhanga osmotic o tētahi ranunga kei roto ko te 0.5 mol o te urea me te 0.5 mol o te etanoru i roto i te 1 rita wai i te 20°C ko te 24.0633 atm.
Whakamutunga
Mai i te tauira raruraru i runga ake nei, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki te tatau i te pēhanga osmotic i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Ka pāngia te pēhanga osmotic e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kukū o te otinga, te momo matū wairewa (irahiko, kore-irahiko rānei), me te pāmahana. Ko te tātari pāngarau i muri i te pēhanga osmotic e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mātāpono taketake e whakahauhia ana e te ture hau pai. Mā te mārama pai ki tēnei ariā, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi ki ngā āhuatanga mahi maha i roto i te matū me te koiora.
