Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i ngā Wāhanga o te Manawa Āhuarangi
He tukanga nui te manawa hauā e puta ana i roto i ngā pūtau ora hei whakaputa pūngao. Mā roto i tētahi raupapa matatini o ngā tauhohenga matū, ka hurihia e te manawa hauā te hukahuka me te hāora hei pūngao, hei hauhā waro, hei wai. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā wāhanga o te manawa hauā, ka whakaratohia hoki he tauira raruraru me ngā otinga hei whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki tēnei tukanga nui.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Manawa Āhuarangi
E whā ngā wāhanga matua o te manawa hauā: te glycolysis, te huringa Krebs (huringa waikawa citric), te mekameka kawe irahiko, me te phosphorylation oxidative. Me matapakihia takitahi ēnei:
1. Te Glycolysis
Ka puta te glycolysis i roto i te cytoplasm o te pūtau, ā, koinei te wāhanga tuatahi o te manawa ā-aerobic. I tēnei wāhanga, ka pakaruhia tētahi ngota huka (C6H12O6) kia rua ngā ngota waikawa pyruvic (C3H4O3). Kāore e hiahiatia he hāora mō tēnei tukanga, nō reira ka taea te puta i raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic. Haunga te whakaputa i ngā ngota pyruvate e rua, ka puta hoki i te glycolysis ngā ngota ATP e rua (adenosine triphosphate) me ngā ngota NADH e rua (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
2. Te Huringa Krebs (Te Huringa Waikawa Citric)
Kia oti te hanga, ka tomo ngā ngota pyruvate ki roto i ngā mitochondria ka pāngia e te decarboxylation oxidative hei hanga acetyl-CoA. Kātahi ka tomo te Acetyl-CoA ki te huringa Krebs, ka honoa ki te waikawa oxaloacetic hei hanga citrate. Kei roto i tēnei huringa he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga e whakaputa ana i te NADH me te FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide), ngā ngota kawe irahiko nui, me ngā ngota ATP e rua me te tukunga o te hauhā waro hei hua taha.
3. Mekameka Kawe Irahiko
Ko te tuatoru o ngā wāhanga o te manawa ā-hauora ka puta i roto i te kiriuhi mitochondrial o roto. Ko te NADH me te FADH2 i hangaia i te wāhanga o mua ka tuku i ngā irahiko ki te mekameka kawe irahiko, he mea tito mai i tētahi raupapa o ngā matatini whākōkī. I te nekenga o ngā irahiko i roto i tēnei mekameka, ka pupuhihia ngā pūmua mai i te matrix mitochondrial ki te wāhi i waenganui i ngā kiriuhi, ka hangaia he pikinga kukū pūmua.
4. Te Whakapūngao Waikura
Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga o te manawa ā-hauora ko te phosphorylation oxidative, e whakamahia ai te pūngao mai i te pūwero pūmua e te whākōkī ATP synthase hei hanga ATP mai i te ADP me te phosphate inorganic. I te mutunga o te mekameka kawe irahiko, ka mahi te hāora hei kaiwhiwhi irahiko whakamutunga, ā, ka herea ki ngā pūmua hei hanga wai. Mā tēnei tukanga ka puta te nuinga o te ATP i roto i te manawa ā-hauora, tata ki te 32–34 ngā ngota ATP mō ia ngota huka.
Tauira Pātai Kōrero
Hei whakahōhonu ake i tō māramatanga, anei ētahi tauira pātai e pā ana ki ngā wāhanga o te manawa ā-hauora me ō rātou matapakinga.
Pātai 1: Whakamāramahia te mahi a te hāora i roto i te manawa ā-hauora me ngā hua mēnā kāore he hāora i roto i te pūtau.
Kōrero:
I roto i te manawa ā-hauora, ko te hāora te kaiwhiwhi irahiko whakamutunga i roto i te mekameka kawe irahiko. Ka tangohia e te hāora ngā irahiko me ngā porotona hei hanga wai, ka taea ai te haere tonu o te mekameka kawe irahiko, ā, ka ārai i te kohikohinga o te NADH me te FADH2. I te korenga o te hāora, ka tū te mekameka kawe irahiko, ka mutu te phosphorylation oxidative, ka heke te hanga ATP. Kātahi ka whakawhirinaki ngā pūtau ki te glycolysis mō te hanga pūngao, engari he iti ake te whai huatanga o tēnei, ā, ka arahi pea ki te kohikohinga o te waikawa lactic i roto i ngā pūtau kararehe, te etanoru rānei i roto i ngā pūtau tipu me ngā pūtau rewena.
Pātai 2: E hia ngā ATP katoa ka puta mai i te kotahi ngota hukahuka mā te manawa ā-hauora?
Kōrero:
Ko te tapeke o te ATP i puta mai i te kotahi ngota hukahuka i roto i te manawa ā-hauora he tata ki te 36-38 ngā ngota ATP. Anei ngā taipitopito:
– Glycolysis: Ka whakaputa tika i te 2 ATP.
– Te Huringa Krebs: Ka whakaputa tika i te 2 ATP (kotahi ATP mō ia huringa mō ia acetyl-CoA, me ngā acetyl-CoA e rua mai i te kotahi te hukahuka).
– Te Mekameka Kawe Irahiko me te Whakapūngao Waikura: Ka whakaputa i te 32-34 ATP mai i te NADH me te FADH2 i hangaia i te wā o te glycolysis me te huringa Krebs.
Tērā pea ka puta ngā rerekētanga o te ATP katoa nā ngā rerekētanga o te whai huatanga me ngā tikanga o te kawe irahiko i roto i ngā mitochondria o ngā momo pūtau rerekē.
Pātai 3: He aha te rerekētanga matua i waenga i te glycolysis me te huringa Krebs?
Kōrero:
Ko ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i te glycolysis me te huringa Krebs kei roto i ō rāua wāhi, āhuatanga, me ngā hua. Ka puta te glycolysis i roto i te cytoplasm, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he hāora, ka puta te pyruvate, ATP, me te NADH. I taua wā, ka puta te huringa Krebs i roto i te mitochondria, ka hiahiatia he hāora ā-kore, ā, ka puta te hauhā waro, ATP, me te NADH me te FADH2. Ehara i te mea ko te manawa ā-hau anake te mahi a te huringa Krebs engari he wāhi anō hoki tōna i roto i te pākia o ētahi atu matūkai nui.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga uaua, he tukanga nui hoki te manawa hauhautanga mō te whakaputa pūngao i roto i ngā pūtau. Mā te mārama ki ngā wāhanga o te manawa hauhautanga me te ako i ngā tauira, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te whakamahinga a te tinana i te hukahuka me te hāora hei pupuri i te mahi a ngā pūtau. Ko te tumanako, kua āwhina tēnei tuhinga ki te whakapakari i tō tātou māramatanga ki tēnei tukanga taketake, ā, kua rite hoki tātou ki te whakautu i ngā pātai e pā ana ki te manawa hauhautanga.
