Tauira o ngā Pātai Kōrero mō te Ara Whakakotahi (IC)
He wāhanga nui ngā ara iahiko whakauru, ngā IC rānei, i roto i ngā hikohiko o ēnei rā. E mōhiotia ana mō tō rātou kaha ki te tākai i te maha o ngā transistors, ngā ātete, me ētahi atu huānga kore mahi ki roto i tētahi maramara kotahi, kua hurihia e ngā IC te huarahi e hangaia ai, e hangaia ai hoki ngā taputapu hiko. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki ngā ara iahiko whakauru hei āwhina i ngā kaipānui ki te whakahōhonu ake i tō rātou māramatanga ki tēnei ariā.
He Kupu Whakataki ki ngā Huringa Whakauru (IC)
I mua i te urunga atu ki ngā tauira raruraru, me arotake poto tātou he aha te ara iahiko whakauru. Ko te ara iahiko whakauru (IC) he maramara iti i hangaia mai i te rauemi semiconductor, ko te silicon te nuinga, ā, he maha ngā wāhanga hiko kei roto pērā i ngā transistors, ngā diodes, me ngā ātete kua whakauruhia ki roto i tētahi taputapu iti. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā IC i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono, mai i ngā rorohiko me ngā waea atamai ki ngā taputapu hauora me ngā taputapu motuka.
I puta mai ngā ara iahiko whakauru (IC) i te tekau tau atu i 1960, ā, kei te whanake tonu tae noa mai ki tēnei rā, me ngā momo maha tae atu ki ngā IC matihiko, anaro, me ngā IC tohu-whakauru. Ka whakamahia ngā IC matihiko i roto i ngā tukatuka me ngā mahara, ko ngā IC anaro ia ka whakamahia i roto i te whakanui tohu me te hurihanga tohu. Ka whakakotahihia e ngā IC tohu-whakauru ngā mea e rua, ā, he maha ngā wā ka kitea i roto i ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā pūoko.
Tauira Pātai 1: Ngā Ariā Taketake o te IC
Pātai
He aha te ara iahiko whakauru (IC) me ngā momo matua e toru o ngā IC?
Whakautu
Ko te ara iahiko whakauru (IC) he maramara iti i hangaia ki te rauemi haurua-ira, ko te silicon te nuinga, kei roto ngā wāhanga hiko maha pēnei i ngā transistors, ngā diodes, me ngā ātete kua whakauruhia ki roto i te taputapu iti kotahi.
Ko ngā momo matua e toru o ngā IC ko:
1. Ngā IC mamati: E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono e pā ana ki te rorohiko me te tukatuka raraunga, pērā i ngā tukatuka iti me te mahara.
2. IC Analog: Whakamahia i roto i te whakanui tohu analog me te hurihanga tohu, pērā i ngā op-amp me ngā whakakaha oro.
3. IC Tohu-Whakaranu: Ka whakakotahi i ngā mahi matihiko me ngā mahi anaro ki roto i te maramara kotahi, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā pūoko.
Tauira Pātai 2: Hanganga ā-roto o te IC
Pātai
Whakaahuahia te hanganga ā-roto o tētahi ara iahiko whakauru mamati māmā e titoa ana i ngā kēti arorau taketake.
Whakautu
Ko te hanganga ā-roto o tētahi ara iahiko whakauru mamati māmā he maha ngā kēti arorau taketake pērā i te AND, OR, me te NOT. Anei tētahi whakamārama:
1. AND Gate: Ka puta te putanga `1` mēnā ko ngā tāuru katoa he `1`.
2. Kēti OR: Ka puta he putanga o te `1` mēnā ko tētahi o ngā tāuru he `1`.
3. Kēti NOT: Ka whakaputa i tētahi putanga he whakahuri i tōna tāuru (mēnā ko te tāuru he `1`, ko te putanga he `0`, ā, ko te whakahuri hoki).
I roto i tētahi IC matihiko māmā, ka taea te hono i ngā tekau ki ngā mano o ēnei kēti arorau i roto i ngā whirihoranga motuhake hei mahi i ngā mahi arorau e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te huinga o ngā kēti AND me te OR hei hanga i ngā flip-flop, koinei te pūtake o te mahara me ngā rēhita i roto i tētahi tukatuka iti.
Tauira Pātai 3: Tono IC
Pātai
Whakahuatia, whakamāramahia hoki ngā whakamahinga e toru o ngā ara iahiko whakauru i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
Whakautu
E toru ngā whakamahinga noa o ngā ara iahiko whakauru i roto i te oranga o ia rā:
1. Ngā Rorohiko me ngā Pona: Ko te CPU (Wāhanga Tukatuka Matua) i roto i te rorohiko te tauira tino kitea o te IC. Kei roto i te CPU ngā miriona ki ngā piriona o ngā transistors e mahi ana hei mahi tātai me te āwhina i te whakahaere pūmanawa.
2. Waea Atamai: He maha ngā momo ara iahiko whakauru e whakamahia ana e ngā waea atamai mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te tukatuka raraunga, me te whakahaere hiko. Ka whakamahia e ngā tukatuka tono, ngā pouwhanga, ngā pūoko, me te whakahaere hiko ngā IC hei whakarite i te mahi whai hua me te pono teitei.
3. Ngā Taputapu Kāinga: He maha ngā taputapu kāinga hou pēnei i ngā pouaka whakaata, ngā mīhini horoi, me ngā oumu ngaruiti e whakamahi ana i ngā IC mō ngā mahi aunoa me te whakahaere matatau ake. Hei tauira, ko ngā IC i roto i ngā pouaka whakaata te kaiwhakahaere i te whakaaturanga, te tāuru ataata, me te tukatuka oro kia pai ake ai te wheako mātakitaki.
Tauira Pātai 4: Tātaitanga Mana i runga i te IC
Pātai
Mena he 5V te ngaohiko o te IC, ā, he 200 mA (milliamperes) te iahiko e pau ana, e hia te kaha e pau ana i te IC?
Whakautu
Ka taea te tatau i te mana e pau ana i te IC mā te whakamahi i te tātai mana hiko: \( P = V \times I \).
Kei hea:
– Ko te mana (i roto i ngā watts) ko \( P \),
– Ko te ngaohiko (i roto i ngā ngaohiko) te \( V \),
– Ko te iahiko (i roto i ngā ampere) ko \( I \).
E mōhiotia ana:
– \( V = 5V \),
– \( I = 200mA = 0.2A \) (hurihia ngā milliampere ki ngā ampere mā te wehewehe i te uara mā te 1000).
Nā, ko te mana e pau ana i te IC ko:
\[ P = 5V \whakanuia te 0.2A = 1W \]
Nō reira, ko te mana e pau ana i te IC he 1 watt.
Tauira Pātai 5: Tātaritanga o ngā Porowhita Whakakaha Whakahaere Porowhita Whakauru (Op-Amp)
Pātai
Whakamāramahia me pēhea te whakamahi i tētahi IC whakakaha whakahaere (Op-Amp) hei whakakaha whakamuri me te whakanui o te -10.
Whakautu
Ka whakamahia te IC whakakaha whakahaere (Op-Amp) hei whakakaha whakamuri mā te hono i te tāuru i hoatu ki te pine whakahuri (-) me te urupare mai i te putanga ki te pine whakahuri mā te ātete. Ka hoatu te hua whakamuri e te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ātete tāuru me te ātete urupare. Ko te tātai hua whakamuri ko \( A = -\frac{R_f}{R_{in}} \).
Hei whiwhi i te hua o te -10, me whakatakoto e tātou te ātete urupare (\( R_f \)) me te ātete tāuru (\( R_{in} \)) kia 10 te ōwehenga.
Hei tauira, mēnā ko \( R_{in} = 1k\Omega \) me \( R_f = 10k\Omega \), kātahi:
\[ A = -\frac{R_f}{R_{in}} = -\frac{10k\Omega}{1k\Omega} = -10 \]
I tēnei whirihoranga, ka hurihia e te Op-Amp te tohu tāuru, ka whakanuia mā te 10 tauwehe. Ko ngā tono mahi a te whakakaha whakamuri ko te tukatuka tohu, pērā i te whakanui i ngā tohu oro, ina hiahiatia te hurihanga ā-wāhanga me te whakanui tohu.
Te Katinga
He mea nui te mahi a ngā hikohiko whakauru (IC) ki te mahi a ngā taputapu hiko hou. He mea nui te mārama ki te mahi a ngā IC, ā rātou tono, me te mahi tātaitanga e pā ana ki aua mea mō te hunga e hiahia ana, e mahi ana rānei i te ao hikohiko. E whakaatu ana ngā tauira i runga ake nei i ngā āhuatanga maha o ngā IC, mai i ngā mea taketake ki ā rātou tono tūturu. Ko te tumanako, ka āwhina tēnei tuhinga i ngā kaipānui ki te ako atu mō ngā IC.
