Taitara: Tauira o ngā Pātai Kōrero mō te Manawa Pūtau
Pendahuluan
Ko te manawa pūtau he tukanga matū koiora e puta ana i roto i ngā pūtau o te rauropi hei whakaputa pūngao i roto i te ahua o te adenosine triphosphate (ATP). He mea nui tēnei tukanga mō te oranga, nā te mea ko te ATP te pūtake pūngao matua e whakamahia ana mō ngā mahi pūtau. Ko te manawa pūtau he raupapa matatini o ngā tauhohenga matū me te hāora hei kaiwhiwhi irahiko whakamutunga, e wehea ana kia toru ngā wāhanga matua: te glycolysis, te huringa Krebs, me te mekameka kawe irahiko. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki te manawa pūtau me te whakarato i ngā otinga.
1. Ngā Pātai me te Kōrero mō te Glycolysis
Pātai: Whakamāramahia ngā wāhanga matua o te tukanga glycolysis me tōna hua whakamutunga i roto i te manawa pūtau.
Kōrero: Ko te glycolysis te taahiraa tuatahi o te manawa pūtau, ā, ka puta i roto i te cytoplasm o ngā pūtau. Koinei te tukanga e pakaruhia ai tētahi ngota hukahuka (C₆H₁₂O₆) kia rua ngā ngota pyruvate (C₃H₄O₃). E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te glycolysis: te wāhanga haumi-pūngao me te wāhanga whakaputa-pūngao.
– Wāhanga Pūngao: Ka hurihia te hukahuka ki te fructose-1,6-bisphosphate mā te haumitanga o ngā ATP e rua.
– Wāhanga Whakaputa Pūngao: Ka wahia te Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate kia rua ngā ngota o te glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, kātahi ka hurihia hei pyruvate, ka puta he ATP e whā me ngā NADH e rua.
I te nuinga, e rua ngā ngota ATP ka puta mai i te glycolysis (e 4 ngā ATP ka puta, engari e 2 ngā ATP ka whakamahia anō) me ngā ngota NADH e rua mō ia ngota kurukose.
2. Ngā Pātai me te Kōrero mō te Huringa Krebs
Pātai: He aha te hua ka puta mai i te huringa Krebs mō ia ngota ngota o te acetyl-CoA ka whakaurua?
Kōrero: Ko te huringa Krebs, e mōhiotia ana ko te huringa waikawa citric, ka puta i roto i te mitochondria. Ko ia ngota acetyl-CoA e uru ana ki te huringa ka pāngia e te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga e puta ai:
– 3 ngā ngota NADH
– 1 ngota ngota o te FADH₂
– 1 ngota ngota o te GTP, te ATP rānei
– 2 ngā ngota CO₂ hei para.
E rua ngā mahi a tēnei huringa mō ia ngota hukahuka kua pakaru, nā te mea e rua ngā ngota pyruvate ka puta mai i te glycolysis, kātahi ka hurihia hei rua ngā ngota acetyl-CoA.
3. Ngā Pātai me te Kōrero mō te Mekameka Kawe Irahiko
Pātai: He aha te hiranga o te hāora i roto i te mekameka kawe irahiko, ā, he aha te hua whakamutunga o tēnei mekameka?
Kōrero: Kei roto i te kiriuhi o roto o te mitochondria te mekameka kawe irahiko, ā, he raupapa matatini pūmua e whakawhiti ana i ngā irahiko mai i te NADH me te FADH₂ ki te hāora mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga redox.
Ko te hāora te kaiwhiwhi irahiko whakamutunga i roto i tēnei tukanga, ka hanga wai ina tauhohe ki ngā porotona (H⁺). Ki te kore he hāora, kāore e taea e ngā irahiko te haere mā roto i te mekameka kawe, ka mutu te hanga ATP, ā, ka puta he kohikohinga o te NADH me te FADH₂. Ko ngā hua whakamutunga o te mekameka kawe irahiko ko:
– Ka hangaia te wai (H₂O) ina honoa ngā irahiko me ngā pūrotana ki te hāora.
– He nui te ATP ka puta mā te tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te oxidative phosphorylation. Ko te mea pai, tata ki te 34 ATP ka puta mō ia ngota huka i roto i tēnei mekameka.
4. Ngā Pātai me ngā Kōrero e pā ana ki te Whai Hua o te Pūngao
Pātai: Whakatauritea te whai huatanga o te manawa pūtau i raro i ngā āhuatanga ā-hauora me ngā āhuatanga ā-koreora.
Kōrero: He pai ake te whakaputa ATP mā te manawa ā-hauora i te manawa ā-korehauora. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ā-hauora, ka taea e te ngota huka kotahi te whakaputa tae atu ki te 38 ATP, whai muri i te raupapatanga katoa o te glycolysis, te huringa Krebs, me te mekameka kawe irahiko.
He rerekē, i raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic (me te kore hāora), ka taea anake e ngā pūtau te mahi glycolysis, e whakaputa ana i te 2 ATP mō ia ngota huka. Ko te fermentation, e whai ake nei i te glycolysis i raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, ka huri i te pyruvate ki ngā hua pēnei i te lactate, te etanoru rānei, engari kāore e whakaputa i tētahi atu ATP. He iti ake te whai huatanga o te manawa anaerobic nā te mea he iti noa te nui o te ATP e whakaputaina ana.
5. Ngā Pātai me te Kōrero mō ngā Whakamahinga Manawa Pūtau
Pātai: Whakamāramahia me pēhea te pānga o te noho mai o ngā paitini pēnei i te cyanide ki te manawa pūtau.
Kōrero: He paitini te cyanide e aukati ana i te manawa pūtau mā te herea pūmau ki te pae hohe o te whākōkī cytochrome c oxidase (matatini IV) i roto i te mekameka kawe irahiko, e aukati ana i te whakawhiti o ngā irahiko ki te hāora. Ka mutu katoa te mekameka kawe irahiko, ka kore e puta te ATP, ka kore e whai pūngao ngā pūtau, ā, ka mate pea ngā pūtau. He tino tere, he whakamate hoki tēnei pānga nā te mea kāore ngā pūtau o te tinana e whiwhi i te pūngao e tika ana mō te oranga.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga nui te manawa pūtau e āhei ai ngā rauropi ki te whakamahi i te pūngao e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā ngota rauropi. Ko te mārama ki ngā wāhanga o te manawa pūtau, ngā hua e puta mai ana, me ngā āhuatanga ka pā ki tēnei tukanga he tūāpapa nui i roto i te koiora. Mā te ako i ēnei tauira raruraru me ngā kōrero, ka taea e tātou te hanga i tētahi māramatanga pai ake mō te whakaputa me te whakahaere o ō tātou tinana i te pūngao i te wā e mahi ana ngā pūtau. Ehara i te mea ko tēnei tukanga uaua anake te whakatau i te whai huatanga o te pūngao o te rauropi engari he wāhi anō hoki ki te taurite o te pākia me tōna urutau ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te taiao.
