Tauira o ngā Pātai Kōrero mō te Pūmua
Ko te pākia o te tinana he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga matū e puta ana i roto i ngā pūtau o ngā mea ora hei pupuri i te ora. E rua ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei tukanga: te anabolism me te catabolism. Ko te anabolism te tukanga hanga i ngā ngota matatini mai i ngā mea māmā ake, e hiahiatia ana te pūngao. Ko te catabolism te tukanga wawahi i ngā ngota matatini ki ngā mea māmā ake, ā, ka tukuna te pūngao.
I roto i te koiora, he kaupapa nui te pākia o te tinana, ā, he maha ngā wā he uaua ki ngā ākonga. Hei āwhina i a koe ki te mārama ake ki tēnei kaupapa, ka whakaratohia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru me ō rātou whakamārama.
Tauira Pātai 1: Ara Glycolysis
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te tukanga o te glycolysis, ā, tuhia ngā hua whakamutunga o tēnei ara.
Kōrero:
Ko te glycolysis he ara pākia e puta ana i roto i te cytoplasm o te pūtau, e wahia ai te kotahi ngota hukahuka (C6H12O6) kia rua ngā ngota waikawa pyruvic (C3H4O3). Kāore tēnei tukanga e hiahia ki te hāora (anaerobic) ā, e puta ana i roto i ngā taahiraa tekau e whakahaerehia ana e ngā whākōkī motuhake.
1. Ngā Hipanga Whakarite:
– Ka hurihia te hukahuka hei hukahuka-6-phosphate e te whākōkī hexokinase.
– Kātahi ka hurihia te hukahuka-6-phosphate hei hukahuka-6-phosphate e te whākōkī phosphoglucose isomerase.
– Ka whakapūkawahia te fructose-6-phosphate ki te fructose-1,6-bisphosphate e te phosphofructokinase.
2. Ngā Hipanga Wehewehe:
– Ka pakaruhia te fructose-1,6-bisphosphate kia rua ngā ngota waro-toru: te dihydroxyacetone phosphate me te glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
3. Ngā Hipanga Whakaohooho me te Hanga ATP:
– Ka hurihia te Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ki te 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate mā te dehydrogenase.
– Ka whakawhitia te phosphate mai i te 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ki te ADP hei hanga i te ATP me te 3-phosphoglycerate.
– Kātahi ka hurihia te 3-phosphoglycerate hei phosphoenolpyruvate.
– Hei whakamutunga, ka whakawhitia te phosphate mai i te phosphoenolpyruvate ki te ADP hei hanga ATP me te pyruvate.
Ko ngā hua whakamutunga o te glycolysis ko ngā ngota ngota e rua o te waikawa pyruvic, ngā ngota ngota ATP kupenga e rua (e whā ATP ka puta engari e rua ka whakamahia anō), me ngā NADH e rua.
Tauira Pātai 2: Huringa Krebs
Pātai: Whakaahuahia te tūranga o te huringa Krebs i roto i te pākia o te pūngao pūtau, ā, whakarārangihia ngā hua matua o tētahi huringa.
Kōrero:
Ko te huringa Krebs, e mōhiotia ana ko te huringa waikawa citric, ko te huringa TCA rānei, he ara pākia e puta ana i roto i ngā mitochondria. Me whakamahi te hāora (aerobic) i tēnei tukanga, ā, he mahi tāna ki te whakaputa i ngā ngota pūngao nui pērā i te NADH me te FADH2, e whakamahia ana i roto i te mekameka kawe irahiko hei whakaputa ATP.
I te tīmatanga o te huringa Krebs, ka honoa te ngota acetyl-CoA ki te waikawa oxaloacetic (4C) hei hanga waikawa citric (6C). Kātahi ka pāngia te waikawa citric e te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga e hanga hou ana i te waikawa oxaloacetic, me te tuku i ngā ngota CO2 e rua, ā, ka puta ko NADH, FADH2, me ATP (GTP rānei).
Ko ngā hua matua o te huringa kotahi o te huringa Krebs (tīmata ki te acetyl-CoA kotahi):
– 3 ngā ngota NADH
– 1 ngota o te FADH2
– 1 ngota ngota o te ATP (GTP rānei)
– 2 ngā ngota CO2
Kātahi ka hurihia a NADH me FADH2 ki ATP mā te mekameka kawe irahiko.
Tauira Pātai 3: Mekameka Kawe Irahiko
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te mahi a te mekameka kawe irahiko ki te whakaputa ATP, ā, whakaingoatia te wāhi o tēnei tukanga i roto i te pūtau.
Kōrero:
Ko te mekameka kawe irahiko (ETC) te wāhanga whakamutunga o te manawa pūtau, ā, kei roto i te kiriuhi o roto o te mitochondria. Ko tana mahi matua he whakaputa ATP mā te phosphorylation oxidative.
Ko te NADH me te FADH2, i hangaia e te glycolysis me te huringa Krebs, ka whai wāhi atu ki ngā irahiko ki tēnei mekameka. Ka rere ngā irahiko mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā wāhanga pūmua matatini kua whakauruhia ki roto i te kiriuhi mitochondrial. Ko te pūngao i tukuna i te wa e rere ana ngā irahiko ka whakamahia hei pupuhi i ngā proton (H+) mai i te matrix mitochondrial ki roto i te wāhi i waenganui i ngā membrane, ka hangaia he pikinga proton.
Ka whakaputahia e tēnei pikinga pūmua he kaha pūmanawa e mōhiotia ana ko te kaha nekehanga pūmua. Ka hoki ngā pūmua ki te matrix mā te ATP synthase, he whākōkī e whakamahi ana i tēnei rere pūmua hei hanga ATP mai i te ADP me te phosphate inorganic.
I te nuinga, ka taea e te tukanga ETC te whakaputa i te 34 ATP mō ia ngota huka kua waikuratia.
Ngā Pātai me te Kōrero Tāpiri
He mea nui anō hoki kia whakamātau i ētahi atu pātai hei whakamātautau i tō māramatanga ki ngā whākōkī e whai wāhi ana, ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te manawa pūtau me te whakapūkara, me ngā pānga o ngā āhuatanga taiao (pēnei i te wātea o te hāora) ki te pākia o te tinana.
Ngā Pātai Tāpiri:
1. He aha te hiranga o te NAD+ i roto i te glycolysis?
2. Whakatauritea te manawa ā-hauora me te whakapūtanga e ai ki te whai huatanga o te whakaputa ATP.
3. Whakamāramahia te hononga o te pākia o te waikawa ngako ki te huringa Krebs.
Ko te ako i te pākia o te pūtau me mātua mārama koe ki te matū koiora me te āhua o te pūtau. Ko te tohutohu pai ko te haere tonu ki te whakaharatau me ngā raruraru, ngā kōrero a te rōpū ako, me ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga hei whakapakari i ēnei ariā. Ko te tumanako, ka āwhina tēnei tuhinga i a koe ki te whakahōhonu ake i tō māramatanga ki te pākia o te pūtau me te whakarite mō ngā pātai e pā ana ki tō whakamātautau.
