Ngā Tauira Pātai mō te Kōrero mō ngā Rauemi Ira
Ko te ira he peka o te koiora e ako ana i ngā ira, te tukunga iho o ngā āhuatanga, me te āhua o te whakaaturanga o ēnei mōhiohio ira i roto i te āhua ā-tinana o ngā mea ora. He mea nui te mārama ki te ira nā te mea ka whakamārama i te whanaketanga, te mahi, te whakaputa uri, me te tauhohenga o ngā rauropi ki tō rātou taiao. Hei whakahōhonu ake i tēnei māramatanga, ka whakaatuhia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi tauira pātai me ā rātou matapakinga e pā ana ki te ira.
Pātai 1: Te Tuku Iho o ngā Āhuatanga i roto i a Mendel
Pātai: Mena ka whakawhitia he tipu pī he heterozygous mō te tipu roa (Tt) ki tētahi tipu pī poto (tt), e hia ōrau o te uri ka roa?
Kōrero:
Me tīmata mā te mārama ki ngā momoira kua hoatu. Ko te `T` te ira matua mō te teitei, ko te `t` ia te ira whakaroa mō te poto. Ko te momoira `Tt` kei te tipu roa heterozygous, ā, ko te momoira `tt` kei te tipu poto.
Ina hangaia he tapawhā Punnett mō tēnei whakawhiti, ka taea e tātou te mahere i ngā momoira pea o te uri:
""
T t
------
t | Tt tt
t | Tt tt
""
Mai i te ripanga i runga ake nei:
– E 50% o ngā uri (`Tt`) he momoira roa tō rātou nā te mea kotahi te ira matua `T`.
– E 50% o ngā uri (`tt`) he poto te iraira.
Nō reira, e 50% o te uri ka roa.
Pātai 2: Tātari Hononga Ira
Pātai: Kei runga i te ira kotahi ngā ira A me B, he rite tonu te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā ira 20. Mēnā ka pāngia tētahi tangata whai ira AB/ab e te gametogenesis, e hia ōrau o ngā gametes ka hono anō?
Kōrero:
Ka taea te tatau i te auau o te whakakotahitanga i waenga i ngā ira e rua kei runga i te ira kotahi i runga i tō rāua tawhiti ira. Mō ngā waeine mahere, ko te tawhiti o te waeine mahere kotahi he rite tonu ki te 1% te tūponotanga o te whakakotahitanga. Nō reira, ki te tawhiti o te 20 waeine mahere, he 20% te tūponotanga ka puta te whakakotahitanga i waenga i ngā ira A me B.
Ko te tikanga tēnei i roto i te hanganga o ngā gametes mai i ngā takitahi AB/ab:
– Ka hangarua te 20% o ngā pūtau pūtau, arā, ko te `Ab`, ko te `aB` rānei.
– 80% o ngā pūtau pūtau kāore e hanga houtia, arā, ko te `AB`, ko te `ab` rānei.
Pātai 3: Tuku Iho Tau
Pātai: Mena ka pāngia te teitei o te tipu e ngā ira e rua (Aa me Bb) me ngā pānga tāpiri, ā, ka tāpirihia e ia ira matua te 5 cm ki te teitei turanga o te 50 cm, tatauhia te teitei o tētahi tipu me te iraira AABb.
Kōrero:
Ka tāpirihia e ngā ira A me B te teitei o te tipu. I roto i te momoira AABb:
– E rua ngā ira matua `A`: mā ngā `A` e rua ka puta he 2×5 cm = 10 cm tāpiri.
– Kotahi te ira matua `B`: mā te `B` ka puta he 1×5 cm tāpiri = 5 cm.
Ko te teitei o te turanga o te tipu he 50 cm. Mā te tāpiri i te pānga o te ira matua, ka pēnei te teitei katoa o te tipu:
50 henimita (teitei o te turanga) + 10 henimita (mai i te `AA`) + 5 henimita (mai i te `B`) = 65 henimita.
Nō reira, ko te teitei o te tipu me te ira AABb he 65 cm.
Pātai 4: Ngā Mate Ira me te Tūponotanga
Pātai: I roto i te whānau, ko te pāpā te kaikawe o te āhuatanga whakaheke mō te mate pāwera (Aa) ā, kāore te whaea i te ira whakaheke (AA). He aha te tūponotanga ka pāwera ā rātou tamariki?
Kōrero:
He mate whakahekeheke te mate pāwera, arā, e rua ngā ira whakahekeheke (aa) e hiahiatia ana hei whakaatu i te āhuatanga. Ko te ira tangata o te pāpā ko 'Aa', ko te ira tangata o te whaea ko 'AA'.
Whakaarohia ngā huinga e taea ana i roto i te tapawhā Punnett:
""
He A
------
A | AA AA
he | Ā Ā Ā
""
E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakakotahi:
– E 50% o ngā tamariki ka whai i te momoira `AA` (kāore he kaikawe, ehara i te kiri māori).
– E 50% o ngā tamariki ka whai i te momoira `Aa` (kaikawe, ehara i te mea parauri).
Kāore he tūponotanga ka puta te momoira 'aa' i ā rātou tamariki, nō reira ko te tūponotanga kia whānau he tamaiti parauri he 0%.
Pātai 5: Tātaritanga Ira-honohono
Pātai: Ka moe tētahi wahine matapo-tae (X^BX^b) i tētahi tāne noa (X^BY). He aha te tūponotanga ka whānau he tama matapo-tae i a rāua?
Kōrero:
E hono ana te matapo tae ki te ira X, ā, he ira heke (X^b). He kaikawe ngā uwha, ā, he ira X^BX^b ō rātou, ā, he ira X^BY ō ngā tāne noa. Mā te whakamahi i te whakawhiti:
""
X^BY
------
X^B | X^BX^BX^BY
X^b | X^BX^b X^bY
""
Ngā hua o te whakawhiti uri mō ngā tama:
– E 50% o ngā tama tāne ka whai i te ira X^BY (noa).
– E 50% o ngā tama tāne he momoira X^bY (matapo tae).
Nō reira, e 50% te tūponotanga ka matapo tae tā rāua tama.
I roto i te kōrero i runga ake nei, kua tūhuratia e tātou ētahi āhuatanga e whakaatu ana i ngā mātāpono taketake o te ira, mai i te ao tawhito ki te ao hou. Ehara i te mea he pai noa iho tēnei māramatanga mō ngā whakamātautau engari he tūāpapa hoki mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga i roto i ngā rangahau hangarau koiora me te whanaketanga o te rongoā ira. Mā te whakakoi i ō tātou pūkenga tātari i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē, ka hohonu ake tō tātou māramatanga ki te mahi a te ao.
