Ngā Tauira o ngā Pātai me ngā Kōrero mō ngā Macromolecules Waro
He tino nui, he matatini hoki ngā macromolecules waro, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i ngā tukanga koiora maha. Ko ngā macromolecules waro rongonui ko ngā warowaihā, ngā lipids, ngā pūmua, me ngā waikawa karihi. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru me tā rātou matapakinga mō ngā macromolecules waro.
1. Ngā warowaihā
Pātai 1
Ka hangaia he ngota disaccharide mai i ngā monosaccharides kurukose e rua. He aha te taumaha ngota whanaunga (Mr) o tēnei disaccharide mēnā he 180 te taumaha ngota whanaunga o te kurukose?
Kōrero 1
Ka hangaia ngā disaccharides mā te tauhohenga whakapūpū e hua ai he hononga glycosidic me te ngota wai. Ko te taumaha ngota o te ngota huka kotahi he 180. Nō reira, ko te taumaha ngota o ngā ngota huka e rua ko:
\( 180 \, \kuputuhi{u} + 180 \, \kuputuhi{u} = 360 \, \kuputuhi{u} \)
Heoi, i roto i te tukanga hanganga disaccharide, ka tukuna he ngota wai kotahi (H₂O). Ko te taumaha ngota o te wai he 18 u.
Nō reira, ko te taumaha ngota whanaunga (Mr) o te disaccharide ko:
\( 360 \, \kuputuhi{u} – 18 \, \kuputuhi{u} = 342 \, \kuputuhi{u} \)
Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te taumaha ngota ngota whanaunga (Mr) o te disaccharide he 342.
2. Ngā Ngako
Pātai 2
He mahi tā ngā lipid i roto i te tinana hei pūtake pūngao. Mēnā ka puta i te ngota ngota triglyceride te 9 karori pūngao mō ia karamu, e hia te nui o te pūngao ka puta mai i te 5 karamu o te triglyceride?
Kōrero 2
Ko te pūngao e whakaputaina ana e te kotahi karamu o ngā triglycerides he 9 karori. Nō reira, ka taea te tatau i te pūngao e whakaputaina ana e te 5 karamu o ngā triglycerides mā te whakarea i te maha o ngā triglycerides i roto i te karamu ki te pūngao mō ia karamu:
\[ \text{Pūngao} = 5 \, \text{karamu} \times 9 \, \text{Kaora/karamu} \]
\[ \text{Pūngao} = 45 \, \text{Kaora} \]
Nō reira, e 5 karamu o ngā triglycerides ka puta he 45 karori o te pūngao.
3. Pūmua
Pātai 3
Whakahuatia, whakamāramahia hoki ngā taumata e toru o te hanganga pūmua e noho ana i mua i te taenga ki te hanganga tuatoru.
Kōrero 3
He tino uaua te hanganga o ngā pūmua, ā, ka taea te whakaahua i ngā taumata maha, arā:
1. Hanganga Matua
– Ko te hanganga tuatahi ko te raupapatanga rārangi o ngā waikawa amino i roto i te polypeptide. Mā tēnei raupapatanga ka whakatau tika i ngā āhuatanga me te mahi o te pūmua e hua mai ana.
– Tauira: te raupapatanga waikawa amino methionine-serine-valine-alanine.
2. Hanganga Tuarua
– Ko te hanganga tuarua ko te tauira pumau, auau hoki o te takai, te whakapiko rānei o tētahi mekameka polypeptide. Kei roto i ēnei tauira ko ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā helice alpha (α-helices) me ngā rau-whakapiko beta (β-sheets).
– Ka whakauhia tēnei hanganga e ngā here hauwai i waenga i ngā ngota o te tuarā polysaccharide.
3. Hanganga Tuatoru
– Ko te hanganga tuatoru ko te takai me te whakapiko o te mekameka polypeptide e hanga ana i tētahi hanganga matatini e toru-ahu.
– Ka whakauhia te hanganga tuatoru e ngā momo taunekeneke, tae atu ki ngā here hauwai, ngā taunekeneke hydrophobic, ngā piriti disulfide, me ngā taunekeneke katote i waenga i ngā mekameka taha waikawa amino.
Kia oti te hanganga tuatoru, ka taea hoki e ētahi pūmua te hanga i tētahi hanganga whā-whā ka honoa ai ētahi mekameka polypeptide hei hanga i tētahi hanganga mahi kotahi.
4. Waikawa Karihi
Pātai 4
Me pēhea te whakatika i ngā kino i puta mai i te mārama UV i te DNA, ā, he aha te mahi a ngā whākōkī i roto i tēnei tukanga?
Kōrero 4
Ko te kino o te DNA i puta mai i te mārama UV ka hua ake te hanganga o ngā thymine dimers, arā, he hononga rerekē i waenganui i ngā turanga thymine e rua e tata ana i roto i te aho DNA. Ko tēnei tukanga whakatika kino ka mahia tuatahitia mā te tikanga whakatika nucleotide excision (NER).
Ko ngā wāhanga o te whakatikatika DNA nā te kino o te hihi UV ko:
1. Te Kite i te Kino
– Ka kitea e ngā whākōkī kimi motuhake ngā hapa o te hanganga DNA i puta mai i ngā dimer thymine.
2. Te Tango i te Kino
– Ka tapahia e ngā endonuclease ngā wāhanga DNA huri noa i te wāhi kua pakaru, ka tangohia ngā wāhanga kei roto ngā thymine dimers.
3. Te hanga anō i te DNA
– Ka whakakīia te āputa i hangaia e te DNA polymerase mā te whakamahi i te aho tāpiri hei tauira hei hanga i tētahi wāhanga DNA hou.
4. Ngā Rīki
– Kātahi ka honoa e te DNA ligase ngā maramara DNA hou kua hangaia ki te DNA o nāianei, ka whakahokia mai te pumau o te hanganga DNA.
Mā tēnei tukanga ka noho pūmau ngā mōhiotanga ira, ā, ka taea te tuku tika i te wā e whakaputa uri ana te pūtau.
5. Tātaritanga o ngā Macromolecules Waro
Pātai 5
Ka whakamahia te otinga a Benedict i roto i tētahi whakamātautau taiwhanga hei whakamātautau mō te aroaro o tētahi warowaihā motuhake. Me pēhea te mahi a tēnei tauhohenga, ā, he aha ngā hua ka kitea mēnā kei roto te warowaihā?
Kōrero 5
Ka whakamahia te otinga a Benedict hei whakamātautau i te aroaro o ngā huka whakaiti, pērā i te kurukose me te fructose. He rōpū aldehyde kore utu, he rōpū ketone rānei kei roto i ngā huka whakaiti ka taea te whakaiti i ngā iona parahi(II) i roto i te otinga a Benedict hei iona parahi(I). Ka puta he huringa tae i tēnei tauhohenga ka kitea ā-kanohi.
Ko ngā tukanga me ngā hua ka kitea i roto i te whakamātautau Benedict ko:
1. Te Tāpiri i te Otinga a Benedict
– Ka tāpirihia te wairewa kikorangi a Benedict ki te wairewa tauira warowaihā, kātahi ka whakamahanatia te ranunga.
2. Huringa Tae
– Mena kei reira te huka whakaiti, ka huri te tae o te otinga mai i te kikorangi ki te kakariki, ki te kōwhai, ki te karaka, ki te whero pereki rānei, i runga i te kukū o te huka whakaiti.
– Ko te tae kakariki e tohu ana i te iti o te kukū o te huka whakaiti.
– Ko te whero pereki e tohu ana i te kukū nui o te huka whakaiti.
Mā tēnei tauhohenga ka taea te kite tika, ngāwari hoki i ngā huka whakaiti i roto i ngā tauira koiora.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui ngā matūriki rauropi pēnei i te warowaihā, te ngako, te pūmua, me ngā waikawa karihi i roto i ngā pūnaha ora. He mea nui te mārama ki tō rātou hanganga, ki ā rātou mahi, me pēhea te tātari me te whakatika i aua mea i roto i ngā momo mara pūtaiao, inā koa te koiora me te matū koiora. Ko ngā tauira me ngā kōrero i runga ake nei e tumanakohia ana ka whakarato i tētahi māramatanga hohonu ake mō ngā matūriki rauropi me ā rātou whakamahinga i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
