Ngā Tauira Pātai me te Kōrero mō te Whakarōpūtanga Hauwaiwaro
Ko ngā hauwaiwaro he matū waro i hangaia mai i ngā huānga waro (C) me te hauwai (H). Ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei matū i runga i tō rātou hanganga me ngā momo hononga kei roto. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakarōpūtia ngā hauwaiwaro ki ngā wāhanga whānui e rua: ngā hauwaiwaro aliphatic me ngā hauwaiwaro kakara. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi tauira raruraru me ā rātou matapakinga e pā ana ki te whakarōpūtanga hauwaiwaro.
1. Ngā Hauwaiwaro Āripātika
Ko ngā hauwaiwai āripātika he hauwaiwai kāore he mowhiti benzene, he mowhiti kakara rānei kei roto. Ka taea te wehewehe anō i ngā hauwaiwai āripātika kia toru ngā momo:
a. Alkan
Ko ngā ārikana he warowaihā kukū kei roto ngā hononga takitahi i waenga i ngā ngota waro. Ko te tātai whānui mō ngā ārikana ko CnH2n+2.
Tauira Pātai 1:
Tuhia te tātai matū me te ingoa o te ārani me ngā ngota waro e 5.
Kōrero:
Mō tētahi ārani me ngā ngota waro e 5 (n=5), ko te tātai matū ko C5H12. Mā te whakamahi i ngā ture whakaingoa IUPAC, ka tapaina tēnei pūhui ko Pentane.
b. Ākena
Ko ngā ākene he warowaihā kore-mākū kei roto i a rātou tētahi, neke atu rānei, ngā hononga takirua (C=C) i waenga i ngā ngota waro. Ko tō rātou tauira whānui ko CnH2n.
Tauira Pātai 2:
Tuhia te tātai matū me te ingoa o tētahi ākene me ngā ngota waro e 3.
Kōrero:
Mō tētahi alkene me ngā ngota waro e 3 (n=3), ko te tātai matū ko C3H6. E mōhiotia ana tēnei pūhui ko te propene.
c. Ngā ārikini
Ko ngā ārikini he warowaihā kore-mākū kei roto i a rātou tētahi, neke atu rānei, ngā here takitoru (C≡C) i waenga i ngā ngota waro. Ko tō rātou tauira whānui ko CnH2n-2.
Tauira Pātai 3:
Tuhia te tātai matū me te ingoa o tētahi ārikana me ngā ngota waro e 4.
Kōrero:
Mō tētahi alkyne me ngā ngota waro e 4 (n=4), ko te tātai matū ko C4H6. E mōhiotia ana tēnei pūhui ko Butyne.
2. Ngā Hauwaiwaro Kakara
Ko ngā hauwaiwaro kakara he hauwaiwaro kei roto i te hanganga o tētahi, neke atu rānei, ngā mowhiti benzene. He matū tino nui te benzene i roto i te matū waro, ā, ko te tātai matū ko C6H6.
Tauira Pātai 4:
Whakamāramahia he aha i whakaurua ai te benzene ki te kāwai hauwaiwai kakara, me te homai i ētahi tauira.
Kōrero:
E whakarōpūtia ana te Benzene hei hauwaiwaro kakara nā te mea koia te hanganga mowhiti tino māmā, tino pumau hoki, me ngā hononga π e tohatoha ōrite ana i te mowhiti waro. Mā tēnei ka nui ake te pumau o te benzene i ngā hauwaiwaro aliphatic. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā hauwaiwaro kakara ehara i te benzene ko te toluene (methylbenzene), te xylene (dimethylbenzene), me te naphthalene (e rua ngā mowhiti benzene kua honoa).
3. Ngā Isomera me ngā Stereoisomera
Ko ngā isomer he pūhui he rite te tātai ngota engari he rerekē ngā hanganga. Ko ngā stereoisomer he momo isomer kei reira ngā ngota i roto i te ngota e whakaritehia ana i te raupapa kotahi engari he rerekē te whakatakotoranga toru-ahu.
a. Ngā Iōmera Hanganga
Ko ngā isomers hanganga he isomers he rerekē te āhua o te whakaritenga o ō rātou ngota i roto i ngā mekameka waro, i ngā mowhiti rānei.
Tauira Pātai 5:
Homai kia rua ngā isomera hanganga mō te C4H10.
Kōrero:
Ko ngā isomers hanganga e rua mō C4H10 ko:
1. n-Pūtāne (mekameka tika): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Isobutane (mekameka peka): (CH3)2CH-CH3
b. Ngā Iōmero Āhuahanga
Ka puta te stereoisomerism āhuahanga (cis-trans isomerism) i roto i ngā alkenes, i ngā pūhui rānei he hononga takirua kāore e huri noa.
Tauira Pātai 6:
Homai he tauira o tētahi stereoisomer āhuahanga mō te 2-butene.
Kōrero:
Mō te 2-pūtene (C4H8), e rua ngā stereoisomers:
1. cis-2-butene, kei te taha kotahi o te hononga takirua ngā ngota hauwai e rua.
2. trans-2-butene, kei ngā taha rerekē o te hononga takirua ngā ngota hauwai e rua.
4. Ngā Hurikō-Hauwaiwaro
Ko ngā cyclo-hydrocarbons he warowaihā e hanga ana i te hanganga mowhiti, kāore he hononga takirua atu i tua atu i ērā e tika ana hei hanga i te mowhiti.
a. Te hauhāorakana
Ko ngā cycloalkanes he warowaihā porowhita kukū, ko tō rātou tātai whānui CnH2n.
Tauira Pātai 7:
Tuhia te tātai matū me te ingoa o te cycloalkane me ngā ngota waro e 6.
Kōrero:
Mō te cycloalkane me ngā ngota waro e 6 (n=6), ko te tātai matū ko C6H12. E mōhiotia ana tēnei pūhui ko te cyclohexane.
b. Ngā sikloalkene
Ko ngā cycloalkene he warowaihā porowhita kāore i te mākū, kei roto ngā hononga takirua i roto i te mowhiti.
Tauira Pātai 8:
Tuhia te tātai matū me te ingoa o tētahi cycloalkene me ngā ngota waro e 5.
Kōrero:
Mō tētahi cycloalkene me ngā ngota waro e 5 (n=5), ko te tātai matū ko C5H8. E mōhiotia ana tēnei pūhui ko te cyclopentene.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mārama ki te whakarōpūtanga o te warowaihā me ngā momo isomer rerekē ki te matū waro. Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā warowaihā ki ngā warowaihā aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) me ngā warowaihā kakara. Hei tāpiri, he mea nui te ariā o te isomerism, arā, te hanganga me te stereoisomerism, hei mārama ki ngā momo matū waro. Mā te mahi i roto i ngā tauira me ngā kōrero kua whakaratohia, e tumanakohia ana ka puta he māramatanga hohonu ake mō tēnei rauemi.
Mā te mārama pai ki te whakarōpūtanga me ngā āhuatanga o ia momo hauwaiwaro, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki ngā tono me ngā tauhohenga matū e pā ana ki ēnei pūhui i roto i te oranga o ia rā, me te umanga matū hoki.
