Ngā Tauira Pātai me te Kōrero mō te Taurite i roto i ngā Otinga
Pendahuluan
He ariā taketake te taurite matū i roto i te matū, he mea nui hei mārama ki ngā tauhohenga matū. Ko te taurite i roto i te otinga he āhua e puta ai ngā tauhohenga e rua, neke atu rānei, i te tere kotahi, kia mau tonu ai te kukū o ngā matū tauhohe me ngā hua i roto i te wā. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira o te taurite i roto i ngā otinga, ā, ka matapakihia hoki ēnei e mātou. Ko te tumanako ka āwhina tēnei tuhinga ki te whakahōhonu ake i tō māramatanga ki te ariā o te taurite matū.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Taurite Matū
I mua i te urunga atu ki ngā tauira pātai me te matapaki, he mea nui kia mārama ki ētahi ariā taketake o te taurite matū:
1. Taurite Hihiri: I roto i te āhua taurite, kāore te tauhohenga e mutu, engari ka puta te tauhohenga whakamua me te tauhohenga whakamuri i te tere kotahi.
2. Pūmau Taurite (K): Hei tohu i te whānuitanga o te tauhohenga ki te taurite. Ko te tātai whānui mō te pūmau taurite ko:
\[ K = \frac{{[hua]}}{[tauhohe]} \]
3. Ture o te Mahi Papatipu: Ko te kukū o ia matū i roto i tētahi tauhohenga ka whakaatuhia i roto i te āhua taupūpū e ai ki ngā tauwehenga i roto i te whārite matū.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Tauira Pātai 1
Pātai:
Ko te whārite tauhohenga taurite e mōhiotia ana penei:
\[ N_2O_4 (g) \pere maui 2NO_2 (g) \]
I tētahi pāmahana, ko te kukū taurite o \( N_2O_4 \) he 0.10 M, ā, ko \( NO_2 \) he 0.20 M. Tātaihia te uara o te pūmau taurite, \( K_c \), mō te tauhohenga.
Kōrero:
Ko te whārite mō te pūmau taurite \( K_c \) ko:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[NO_2]^2}}{[N_2O_4]} \]
Monohia ngā uara kukū ki roto i te whārite:
\[ K_c = \frac{{(0.20)^2}}{0.10} \]
\[ K_c = \frac{{0.04}}{0.10} = 0.40 \]
Nō reira, ko te uara o \( K_c \) mō te tauhohenga he 0.40.
Tauira Pātai 2
Pātai:
I roto i tētahi ipu kua kati, ka pirau te hau \( PCl_5 \) ki \( PCl_3 \) me \( Cl_2 \) e ai ki te whārite:
\[ PCl_5 (g) \leftrightarrow PCl_3 (g) + Cl_2 (g) \]
Mena ko te pūmau taurite, \( K_c \), i tētahi pāmahana he 0.200, ā, i te taurite ko te kukū o \( PCl_5 \) he 1.00 M, tatauhia ngā kukū o \( PCl_3 \) me \( Cl_2 \) i te taurite.
Kōrero:
Me kī ko te kukū o \( PCl_3 \) me \( Cl_2 \) i te taurite ko x M. I runga i te whārite tauhohenga, ka heke anō hoki te kukū o \( PCl_5 \) mā te x M.
Nō reira, ka taea te tuhi i te whārite taurite penei:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[PCl_3][Cl_2]}}{[PCl_5]} \]
Whakakapia ngā uara o \( K_c \) me te kukū o \( PCl_5 \):
\[ 0.200 = \frac{{x^2}}{(1.00 – x)} \]
Te whakaoti rapanga whārite:
\[ 0.200 = \frac{{x^2}}{(1.00 – x)} \]
\[ 0.200 (1.00 – x) = x^2 \]
\[ 0.200 – 0.200x = x^2 \]
\[ x^2 + 0.200x – 0.200 = 0 \]
Ko te otinga mō tēnei whārite tapawhā ko x = 0.332, ko x = -0.532 rānei (kāore he pānga o te otinga kino, nā te mea kāore e taea te kino te kukū).
Nō reira, ko te kukū o \( PCl_3 \) me \( Cl_2 \) i te taurite he 0.332 M.
Tauira Pātai 3
Pātai:
I roto i te otinga, ka taea e ngā katote hauwai (\( OH^- \)) te tauhohe ki ngā katote haukini (\( NH_4^+ \)) hei hanga wai (\( H_2O \)) me te haukini (\( NH_3 \)). Ko te whārite tauhohenga ko:
\[ NH_4^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq) \perepere maui H_2O (l) + NH_3 (aq) \]
Mena ka whakatakotoria te pūmau taurite (\( K_c \)) ki te 1.8 x 10^5 i tētahi pāmahana, ā, ko ngā kukū tīmatanga o \( NH_4^+ \) me \( OH^- \) he 0.10 M me te 0.15 M, ia, tatauhia te kukū o \( NH_3 \) ina tae ki te taurite.
Kōrero:
Tuhia te whārite taurite:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[NH_3]}}{[NH_4^+][OH^-]} \]
Mehemea ko x te kukū o \( NH_3 \) i hangaia i te taurite, kātahi ka heke ngā kukū o \( NH_4^+ \) me \( OH^- \) mā te x.
\[ K_c = \frac{{x}}{(0.10 – x)(0.15 – x)} \]
Whakakapia te uara o \( K_c \):
\[ 1.8 \whakareatia ki te 10^5 = \frac{{x}}{(0.10 – x)(0.15 – x)} \]
Me kī he tino iti a x ki te 0.10 me te 0.15, arā, \( 0.10 – x \approx 0.10 \) me \( 0.15 – x \approx 0.15 \):
\[ 1.8 \whakareatia ki te 10^5 = \frac{{x}}{(0.10)(0.15)} \]
\[ x = 1.8 \times 10^5 \times (0.10) \times (0.15) \]
\[ x = 2.7 \]
Nō reira, ko te kukū o \( NH_3 \) i te taurite e whakatauhia ana ko te 2.7 M.
Whakamutunga
Mai i te kōrero i runga ake nei, ka taea te whakatau ko te mārama ki te ariā o te taurite matū he mea nui hei whakaoti rapanga maha e pā ana ki te taurite i roto i ngā otinga. Mā te whakamahi i te ture o te mahi papatipu me te pūmau taurite, ka taea e tātou te tatau i ngā kukū o ngā momo momo i roto i tētahi tauhohenga ina tae ki te taurite. He torutoru noa ngā tauira taketake e pā ana ki tēnei tuhinga. I roto i te mahi, ka nui ake te uaua o ngā tataunga taurite matū, e uru ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te mahi katote i roto i te otinga.
