Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i ngā Here Matū
I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou ngā hononga matū—tētahi o ngā ariā matua tino nui o te matū. Ko ngā hononga matū ko ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota e āhei ai rātou ki te hanga i ngā pūhui, i ngā ngota rānei. He maha ngā momo hononga matū e kitea whānuitia ana: te hononga ionic, te hononga covalent, me te hononga konganuku. Me tūhuratia ia momo hononga mā roto i ngā tauira rapanga me ngā kōrero.
Te Hononga Ionic
Ka puta ngā hononga katote ina whakawhitihia ngā irahiko mai i tētahi ngota ki tētahi atu, ka hua ake he katote utu pai (ngā katote) me ngā katote utu kino (ngā anion). Kātahi ka kukumea ēnei katote me ngā anion tetahi ki tetahi mā roto i ngā kaha hiko pūmau.
Tauira Pātai 1
Pātai:
Homai he tauira, me te whakamārama me pēhea te hanganga o te here ionic i waenga i te konutai (Na) me te chlorine (Cl).
Kōrero:
He huānga rōpū kawakore te konutai (Na) me te tau ngota 11, nō reira ko tōna whirihoranga ko 2, 8, 1. Ka ngaro i te konutai tētahi irahiko hei whakatutuki i tētahi whirihoranga octet pumau ake, ka huri hei Na+.
He huānga halogen te chlorine (Cl) me te nama atomika 17, nō reira ko tōna whirihoranga ko 2, 8, 7. Ka tangohia e te chlorine tētahi irahiko hei whakatutuki i tētahi whirihoranga octet pumau, ka huri hei Cl-.
Ina tauhohe te konutai me te haurore, ka ngaro te irahiko kotahi i te konutai:
\[ \text{Na} \rightarrow \text{Na}^+ + \text{e}^- \]
Ahakoa ka tangohia e te haukini te kotahi irahiko:
\[ \text{Cl} + \text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{Cl}^- \]
Ko te mutunga iho, ka kukumea ngā iona Na+ me ngā iona Cl- tetahi ki tetahi mā roto i ngā kaha hiko-pūmau, ka hangaia te pūhui konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl). Ko te hanganga hua he whatunga tioata kaha.
Ngā Herenga Taurite
Ka hangaia he hononga honohono ina whakamahia e ngā ngota e rua tētahi, neke atu rānei, o ngā takirua irahiko hei whakatutuki i tētahi whirihoranga octet pumau. Ka taea e ngā hononga honohono te kore-polar (ka tohaina ōrite ngā irahiko) te polar rānei (kāore e tohaina ōrite ngā irahiko).
Tauira Pātai 2
Pātai:
Homai, me te whakamārama i te hanganga o ngā hononga honohono i roto i ngā ngota wai (H2O).
Kōrero:
E rua ngā ngota hauwai (H) me te kotahi te ngota hāora (O) o te ngota wai. Ko te tau ngota o te hāora he 8, ā, ko te whirihoranga irahiko he 2, 6. E rua atu ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana e te hāora hei whakatutuki i te octet.
Ko te tau ngota o te hauwai he 1, ā, ko te whirihoranga irahiko he 1. Kotahi te irahiko e hiahiatia ana e te hauwai kia tutuki ai he whirihoranga pumau pērā i te hēriuma.
I roto i te ngota wai, kotahi te irahiko e tohaina ana e ia ngota hauwai me te hāora. E rua ngā irahiko e tohaina ana e te hāora (kotahi ki ia hauwai), ko ia ngota hauwai e tohaina ana e ia irahiko kotahi ki te hāora. Ko te hanganga Lewis o te ngota wai ko:
\[ \kuputuhi{O} \left( \kuputuhi{H} \right)_2 \]
E rua ngā hononga irahiko pōro ka puta mai i tēnei here nā te mea he nui ake te irahiko kore o te hāora i te hauwai, nō reira ka kaha ake te kukume i te takirua irahiko ki a ia anō.
Ngā Here Whakarewa
Ka puta te hononga whakarewa i waenga i ngā ngota whakarewa, ka taea e ngā irahiko valence te neke haere noa puta noa i te hanganga whakarewa, ka hanga he 'moana o ngā irahiko'. Mā tēnei āhuatanga ka puta he āhuatanga ahurei ki ngā whakarewa, pērā i te kawe hiko me te wera teitei me te kanapa me te ngāwari ki te whakangawari.
Tauira Pātai 3
Pātai:
Whakamāramahia te hanganga o ngā hononga whakarewa i roto i te parahi (Cu).
Kōrero:
Ko te parahi (Cu) he huānga whakawhiti me te tau ngota 29 me te whirihoranga irahiko [Ar] 3d10 4s1. I roto i te hononga konganuku, ka taunekeneke ngā irahiko mai i te anga o waho rawa (ngā irahiko valence) me ngā ngota maha, ka hanga he 'moana o ngā irahiko' e karapoti ana i te karihi pai o te katote konganuku.
I roto i te hanganga tioata o te konganuku parahi, ka tohaina e ia ngota Cu tōna irahiko valence ki te moana o ngā irahiko. Kāore te hononga konganuku e herea noa ki ōna hoa tata, engari ka kukume i te whatunga konganuku katoa kia kotahi, ka hua ake ōna āhuatanga motuhake.
Tauira o ngā Pātai Whakakotahi
Me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira o ngā rapanga e pā ana ki ngā huinga o ngā momo hononga matū rerekē.
Tauira Pātai 4
Pātai:
Homai, ā, whakamāramahia te hanganga ionic me te hanganga covalent o ngā pūhui konupora waikura (MgO) me te hauhā waro (CO2).
Kōrero:
Waikura Konupora (MgO)
He konganuku whenua kawakore te konupūmā (Mg) me te tau ngota 12, te whirihoranga irahiko 2, 8, 2. Ka ngaro i te Mg ngā irahiko e rua kia tutuki ai he whirihoranga hau rangatira pumau, ka huri hei Mg2+.
Ko te hāora (O) me te tau ngota 8, te whirihoranga irahiko 2, 6, ka tango i ngā irahiko e rua hei whakatutuki i te whirihoranga hau rangatira pumau, ka huri hei O2-.
Tauhohenga ionization:
\[ \text{Mg} \rightarrow \text{Mg}^{2+} + 2\ \text{e}^- \]
\[ \kuputuhi{O} + 2\ \kuputuhi{e}^- \rightarrow \kuputuhi{O}^{2-} \]
Ko te hua o tēnei ka kukumea ngā katote Mg2+ me te O2- tetahi ki tetahi mā roto i ngā kaha hiko pūmau, ka hangaia te pūhui ionic ko te konupora waikura (MgO).
Te Hauhā Waro (CO2)
Ko te waro (C) me te tau ngota 6, te whirihoranga irahiko 2, 4, e hiahiatia ana kia whā ngā irahiko hei whakatutuki i te whirihoranga oketē.
Ko te hāora (O) me te tau ngota 8, te whirihoranga irahiko 2, 6, e hiahiatia ana kia rua ngā irahiko mō te oketē.
Me tohatoha e te waro ngā takirua irahiko e rua ki ia hāora kia puta ai he oketēti:
\[ \kuputuhi{O} = \kuputuhi{C} = \kuputuhi{O} \]
E whakaatu ana te hanganga Lewis mō te CO2 i te hononga takirua i waenga i te waro me ia ngota hāora. He hononga takirua tēnei e whakau ana i te ngota CO2. Nā te mea he nui ake te irahiko o te hāora i te waro, he hononga takirua pōro anō hoki tēnei.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te hononga matū ki te hanga me te mārama ki ngā hanganga ngota me ngā matū matū. Mā roto i ngā tauira me ngā matapakinga o ngā hononga ionic, covalent, me te konganuku, kua kite tātou i te hanganga o ngā momo hononga rerekē me te pānga ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā matū. He mea nui tēnei māramatanga mō te whakamahi i ngā ariā matū i roto i ngā momo kaupapa ako, tae atu ki te koiora, te ahupūngao, me ētahi atu mara hangarau. Ko te tumanako kua āwhina tēnei tuhinga ki te whakahōhonu ake i tō māramatanga ki te hononga matū!
