Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i ngā Rōpū Mahi hei Pokapū Kaha i roto i ngā Matū Waro
Ko te rōpū mahi he rōpū ngota motuhake i roto i te ngota e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga o te tauhohenga matū. I roto i te matū waro, ka mahi ngā rōpū mahi hei pae hohe, arā, ngā pae e puta ai ngā tauhohenga matū. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tauira o ngā raruraru e pā ana ki ngā rōpū mahi hei pae hohe i roto i ngā pūhui waro, ā, ka whakaratohia he māramatanga hōhonu mō te pānga o ngā rōpū mahi ki te tauhohenga me ngā āhuatanga matū o ēnei pūhui.
Te Mārama ki ngā Rōpū Mahi
Ko ngā rōpū mahi he huinga motuhake o ngā ngota i roto i ngā ngota e whai kawenga tonu ana mō ētahi tauira o ngā tauhohenga matū. Ko ngā tauira noa ko te hydroxyl (-OH) i roto i ngā waipiro, te carbonyl (C=O) i roto i ngā aldehydes me ngā ketones, te carboxyl (-COOH) i roto i ngā waikawa carboxylic, te amino (-NH2) i roto i ngā amines, me ngā halide (-X) pērā i te -Cl, -Br, -I rānei i roto i ngā haloalkanes.
Te Tūranga o ngā Rōpū Mahi hei Pokapū Hohe
I roto i te horopaki o ngā tauhohenga matū waro, ko ngā rōpū mahi te pae tino tauhohe i roto i ngā ngota nā te kiato irahiko, nā te āhua pūngao ahurei rānei. Ka awe rātou i te tauhohenga o ngā ngota, ka whakatau i ngā momo tauhohenga ka taea, ka kore rānei e taea.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira o ngā pātai e pā ana ki ngā rōpū mahi hei pokapū hohe i roto i ngā pūhui waro.
Pātai 1
Homai te ingoa, me te tohu i te rōpū mahi o te matū e whai ake nei: CH3CH2OH.
Kōrero:
Ko te matū CH3CH2OH ko te etanoru. Ko te rōpū mahi i konei ko te hydroxyl (-OH). Kei te tuarua o ngā ngota waro i roto i te mekameka waro-rua te rōpū hydroxyl, ā, ko te etanoru te waipiro tuatahi.
Pātai 2
Tāutuhia te pokapū hohe i roto i te matū e whai ake nei: CH3COCH3.
Kōrero:
Ko te pūhui CH3COCH3 ko te propanone, e mōhiotia ana ko te acetone. Ko te rōpū mahi i roto i tēnei pūhui ko te carbonyl (C=O). Mā te rōpū carbonyl ka hangaia tēnei pūhui hei ketone. Kei runga i te ngota waro carbonyl te pae hohe nā te mea ka tangohia e te hāora ngā irahiko mai i te waro, ka nui ake te hihiko o te waro, ā, ka ngawari ake ki te whakaeke i te nucleophilic.
Pātai 3
Tuhia te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa acetic (CH3COOH) me te etanoru (CH3CH2OH). Tāutuhia ngā rōpū mahi e whai wāhi ana me ngā hua i hangaia.
Kōrero:
Ko te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa acetic me te etanoru he tauira o te tauhohenga esterification, ka puta he ester me te wai.
Ka taea te tuhi i te tauhohenga penei:
\[ \kuputuhi{CH}_3\kuputuhi{COOH} + \kuputuhi{CH}_3\kuputuhi{CH}_2\kuputuhi{OH} \rightarrow \kuputuhi{CH}_3\kuputuhi{COOCH}_2\kuputuhi{CH}_3 + \kuputuhi{H}_2\kuputuhi{O} \]
Ko ngā rōpū mahi e whai wāhi ana ki tēnei tauhohenga ko te carboxyl (-COOH) i roto i te waikawa acetic me te hydroxyl (-OH) i roto i te ethanol. Ko ngā hua ka puta ko te ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3) hei ester me te wai (H2O).
Te Tauhohenga me te Whakaoho
I roto i te maha o ngā tauhohenga matū waro, ka whakamahia ngā whakakorikori hei whakanui ake i te tere o te tauhohenga. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki (H2SO4) hei whakakorikori i roto i ngā tauhohenga whakakorikori hei whakatere i te hanganga o ngā esters. Ka tauhohe te rōpū mahi carboxyl i roto i te waikawa acetic ki te rōpū hydroxyl i roto i te etanoru i roto i te taiao waikawa, ka hanga he esters me te wai.
Ngā Tauira Pātai Matatau
Me arotake tātou i ētahi atu pātai hei hōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te mahi a ngā rōpū mahi hei pokapū hohe i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū.
Pātai 4
Whakamāramahia ngā rerekētanga o ngā tauhohenga matū ka puta pea i roto i ngā waipiro tuatahi, ngā waipiro tuarua, me ngā waipiro tuatoru me ngā tauhohenga waikura pēnei i te pāhare pākawa waro (KMnO4).
Kōrero:
Ko te tauhohenga o ngā waipiro ki ngā tauhohenga waikura pēnei i te KMnO4, he mea tino whakawhirinaki ki te momo waipiro.
1. Waipiro Tuatahi (RCH2OH): Ka waikuratia te waipiro tuatahi e KMnO4 hei waikawa carboxylic.
– Tauira: Ka waikuratia te etanoru (CH3CH2OH) hei waikawa aketiki (CH3COOH).
2. Waipiro Tuarua (R2CHOH): Ka waikuratia te waipiro tuarua hei ketone.
– Tauira: Ka whakahāngaihia te Isopropanol (CH3CH(OH)CH3) ki te acetone (CH3COCH3).
3. Ngā Waipiro Tuatoru (R3COH): Kāore ngā waipiro tuatoru e whakahāngaihia e te KMnO4 nā te korenga o te hauwai e hono tika ana ki te waro e hono ana ki te rōpū hydroxyl.
– Tauira: Ko te Tert-butanol ((CH3)3COH) he ātete ki te waikura e te KMnO4.
Pātai 5
Whakaahuahia te tikanga tauhohenga matū mō te tāpiri o te HBr ki te propene (CH3CH=CH2). Whakaingoatia te hua matua, ā, tautuhia ngā rōpū mahi kei roto i te hua whakamutunga.
Kōrero:
Ko te tauhohenga tāpiri o te HBr ki te propene he tauhohenga tāpiri hiko-aroha e whai ana i te ture a Markovnikov, ina tāpirihia te hauwai mai i te HBr ki te ngota waro he nui ake ngā here hauwai.
Te tikanga tauhohenga:
1. Te hanganga o te warowaihā:
\[ \kuputuhi{CH}_3\kuputuhi{CH=CH}_2 + \kuputuhi{HBr} \rightarrow \kuputuhi{CH}_3\kuputuhi{CH}^+\kuputuhi{CH}_3 + \kuputuhi{Br}^- \]
2. Te whakaekenga a te katote bromide ki te nucleophilic:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}^+\text{CH}_3 + \text{Br}^- \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}\text{BrCH}_3 \]
Ko te hua matua ko te 2-bromopropane (CH3CHBrCH3). Ko ngā rōpū mahi kei roto i te hua whakamutunga ko te rōpū alkyl me te rōpū halide (bromo-Br).
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā rōpū mahi o te matū waro nā te mea ka whakatauhia e rātou te tauhohenga me ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā pūhui. Mā te mārama tika ki ngā rōpū mahi, ka taea e tātou te matapae me pēhea te tauhohenga o ngā pūhui waro i raro i ētahi āhuatanga. E whakaatu ana te matapakinga o ngā raruraru i runga ake nei i te mahi a ngā rōpū mahi hei pae hohe i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū maha, mai i te waikura me te whakaiti ki te tāpiri me te whakahāngaitanga. He mea nui tēnei māramatanga whakarei ake mō ngā tono mahi maha i roto i te matū, te matū koiora, me te umanga rongoā.
