Tauira o ngā Pātai Kōrero mō te Glycolysis
Ko te glycolysis tētahi ara matua o te pākia o te pūtau e puta ana i roto i te nuinga o ngā pūtau ora hei whakaputa pūngao. Koinei te wāhanga tuatahi o te manawa pūtau, e pakaru ai te hukahuka, he ngota warowaihā māmā, hei waikawa pyruvic mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā tauhohenga matū e whakaputa ai i te ATP (adenosine triphosphate) me te NADH. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki te glycolysis hei āwhina i te mārama ki ngā tukanga me ngā ariā matua e pā ana ki tēnei ara pākia.
Pātai 1: Te Tatau i te Tapeke ATP i Hangaia
Pātai: Mena ka pakaruhia tētahi ngota hukahuka mā te tukanga glycolysis, e hia te nui o te ATP kupenga ka puta?
Kōrero:
Ka puta te glycolysis i roto i ngā taahiraa whākōkī tekau e huri ai te hukahuka ki ngā ngota e rua o te waikawa pyruvic. He maha ngā taahiraa e whakaputa ana, e kai ana rānei i ngā ngota ATP me NADH. Ka tirohia e tātou ngā taahiraa nui o te ara glycolysis:
1. Te Wāhanga Whakarite me te Pūngao Pūngao:
– Ka hurihia te hukahuka ki te hukahuka-6-phosphate mā te whakamahi i te ATP kotahi.
– Ka hurihia te hukahuka-6-phosphate ki te fructose-6-phosphate, kātahi ka hurihia ki te fructose-1,6-bisphosphate mā te whakamahi i tētahi atu ATP.
Ko te tapeke o te ATP e whakamahia ana i tēnei wāhanga he 2 ATP.
2. Wāhanga Wehenga me te Hopu Pūngao:
– Kātahi ka wahia te Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate kia rua ngā ngota ngota triose phosphate.
– Ka puta i ia ngota ngota triose phosphate te 1 NADH me te 2 ATP i roto i te pakaru hei pyruvate.
Nā te mea e rua ngā ngota ngota o te triose phosphate, ko te hua katoa he 2 NADH me te 4 ATP.
Hei tatau i te ATP kupenga mai i te glycolysis:
– ATP i hangaia: 4 ATP.
– ATP i whakamahia: 2 ATP.
– ATP kupenga: 4 ATP – 2 ATP = 2 ATP.
Nō reira, ka puta he tapeke kupenga o te 2 ATP mō ia ngota hukahuka i te wā o te glycolysis.
Pātai 2: Te Tūranga o te NAD+ i roto i te Glycolysis
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te tūranga o te cofactor NAD+ i roto i te tauhohenga glycolysis.
Kōrero:
Ko te NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) he kaiwhiwhi irahiko nui i roto i te glycolysis. I te taahiraa tuaono o te glycolysis, e uru ana te whākōkī glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ka whakamahia te NAD+ hei whakawairakau i te glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ki te 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Ka puta i tēnei tukanga tētahi ngota NADH mai i te whakaiti i te NAD+ mō ia ngota o te triose phosphate, arā, e rua ngā NADH mō ia ngota hukahuka.
He mahi nui tā NAD+ ki te pupuri i te haere tonu o te glycolysis mā te kawe i ngā irahiko, ā, ka whai pānga ēnei ki ngā tauhohenga waikura me te whakaiti i roto i te huringa pūngao. Ki te kore a NAD+, ka mutu te glycolysis nā te korenga o ngā tocofactors hei tango i ngā irahiko, ā, ka aukati i te hanganga ATP.
Pātai 3: Te Hurihanga o te Huka ki te Piruvate
Pātai: Tuhia te tauhohenga matū whānui o te huringa o te hukahuka ki te pyruvate i roto i te glycolysis.
Kōrero:
Ko te tauhohenga matū whānui o te glycolysis, arā, ko te hurihanga o te kotahi ngota hukahuka ki ngā ngota waikawa pyruvic e rua, ka taea te whakarāpopoto penei:
\[ \text{Kurukose} + 2 \text{NAD}^+ + 2 \text{ADP} + 2 \text{P}_i \rightarrow 2 \text{Pyruvate} + 2 \text{NADH} + 2 \text{H}^+ + 2 \text{ATP} + 2 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
I roto i tēnei tauhohenga, ka hurihia tētahi ngota hukahuka hei rua ngā ngota pyruvate. Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakaitihia ngā ngota NAD+ e rua hei rua ngā ngota NADH, ā, ka puta mai ngā ngota ATP e rua. Ka puta mai hoki te wai hei hua taha.
Pātai 4: He aha te take he Ara Anaerobic te Glycolysis?
Pātai: He aha i kiia ai te glycolysis he ara pākia anaerobic?
Kōrero:
E mōhiotia ana te glycolysis he ara anaerobic nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he hāora. Ka puta ngā tauhohenga katoa o te glycolysis i roto i te cytoplasm, ā, he raupapa o ngā huringa warowaihā kāore e whakawhirinaki ki te aroaro o te hāora. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā rauropi anaerobic, arā, ngā rauropi e noho ana i ngā taiao kore-hāora, te whiwhi pūngao mā te glycolysis.
Ahakoa kāore e hiahiatia te hāora mō te glycolysis, ka taea e te hua o te glycolysis (pyruvate) te uru ki ētahi atu ara aerobic i roto i ngā mitochondria, pērā i te huringa Krebs me te mekameka kawe irahiko, mēnā kei te wātea te hāora. Ka taea e te glycolysis tonu te puta i raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, pērā i roto i ngā pūtau uaua i te wā e kaha ana te whakakori tinana ina whakaitihia te tuku hāora.
Pātai 5: Te Rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Wāhanga Pūngao me ngā Wāhanga Utu
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te rerekētanga i waenga i te wāhanga haumi pūngao me te wāhanga utu pūngao i roto i te glycolysis.
Kōrero:
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te glycolysis: te wāhanga haumi pūngao me te wāhanga utu pūngao.
1. Wāhanga Pūngao Pūngao:
– I tēnei wāhanga, ka whakamahia te pūngao i roto i te ahua o te ATP hei tīmata i te tukanga o te wawahi i te hukahuka ki ngā ngota e rua o te triose phosphate (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).
– Ko te whakatapua ko te haumitanga o ngā ngota ATP e rua mō te whakapūtātanga o ngā takawaenga huka, ko te nuinga o te wā ka mahia hei whakarerekē i te hanganga o te hukahuka kia kaha ake te tauhohe.
– Ko ngā mahi matua i konei ko:
– Te whakapūkara o te hukahuka hei hanga i te hukahuka-6-phosphate.
– Te whakamahinga ATP tuarua hei whakaputa i te fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
2. Wāhanga Utu Pūngao:
– I konei, ka waikurahia ngā ngota phosphate triose ka whakapūkawaihia hei whakaputa ATP.
– Ka pāngia ia ngota triose phosphate e tētahi raupapa tauhohenga ka puta ko te katoa o te 2 ATP me te 1 NADH (nō reira, 4 ATP me te 2 NADH katoa mai i ngā ngota triose e rua).
– Ehara i te mea ka whakakapia noa e tēnei wāhanga te ATP e whakamahia ana i te wāhanga haumitanga, engari ka puta hoki he hua kupenga o te 2 ATP.
Whakamutunga
He ara pākia nui, he ara whānui hoki te glycolysis e puta ana i roto i te nuinga o ngā rauropi. Mā roto i ngā tauira raruraru kua kōrerotia i runga ake nei, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te mahi tahi a ngā tauhohenga me ngā wāhanga o te glycolysis ki te whakaputa pūngao i roto i te ahua o te ATP me te NADH, me tana mahi i roto i te horopaki o te pākia o ngā pūtau. Mā te māramatanga hohonu ki te glycolysis ka whakaratohia he turanga pakari mō te ako atu i ngā ara pākia me ō rātou hononga ki te mahi whānui a te rauropi.
