Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i te Anabolism me te Catabolism
I roto i te koiora, ko te pākia o te tinana he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga matū e puta ana i roto i ngā pūtau o ngā mea ora hei pupuri i te ora. I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea te pākia o te tinana ki ngā momo tukanga e rua: te anabolism me te catabolism. Ko te anabolism ko te hanga i ngā ngota nui mai i ngā mea iti ake, ko te catabolism ko te wawahi i ngā ngota nui ki ngā mea iti ake, me te tuku i te pūngao ka taea te whakamahi tika e te tinana.
He mea nui te māramatanga pai ki te anabolism me te catabolism i roto i te koiora, inā koa mō ngā ākonga e ako ana i te koiora, i ngā pūtaiao hauora rānei. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka whakamāramahia e mātou ngā tauira raruraru e pā ana ki te anabolism me te catabolism, ka matapakihia hoki.
Ngā Tauira Pātai mō te Anabolism
1. Pātai 1: Te Tukanga Whakaahua-ā-Whārangi
Ko te whakaahua-ā-tinana tētahi tauira pai o te anabolism. Whakamāramahia me pēhea te tukanga whakaahua-ā-tinana e whakaputa ai i te hukahuka mai i te hauhā waro me te wai mā te āwhina o te pūngao mārama.
Kōrero:
Ka puta te whakaahua i roto i ngā chloroplast o ngā pūtau tipu, ā, e rua ngā wāhanga matua: ko ngā tauhohenga mārama me te huringa Calvin. I roto i ngā tauhohenga mārama, ka mimitihia te rā e te chlorophyll, ka hua ake te whakaahua o te wai hei whakaputa i te hāora, te ATP, me te NADPH. Kātahi, i roto i te huringa Calvin, ka whakamahia te ATP me te NADPH hei huri i te hauhā waro hei hukahuka. Ko te whārite matū whānui mō te whakaahua ko:
\[
6CO_2 + 6H_2O + māramatanga \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2
\]
2. Pātai 2: Te Hanganga Pūmua
He aha te tikanga o te tukanga hanga pūmua hei tauira mō te anabolism, ā, he aha te tūranga o te mRNA i roto i tēnei tukanga?
Kōrero:
He tukanga anabolic te hanga pūmua e huri ai ngā waikawa amino ki ngā pūmua. E rua ngā wāhanga matua: te whakawhiti me te whakamāori. I roto i te whakawhiti, ka whakamahia te DNA hei tauira hei hanga mRNA i roto i te karihi pūtau. Kātahi ka wehe atu te mRNA i te karihi ka haere ki ngā ribosome i roto i te cytoplasm. I konei, i te wāhanga whakamāori, ka whakaratohia e te mRNA he raupapa e whakatau ana i te momo me te raupapa o ngā waikawa amino me huihui hei polypeptide. Mā te whakamahi i te pūngao mai i te ATP, ka hono ngā waikawa amino ki te hanga i tētahi mekameka polypeptide, kātahi ka takai hei pūmua mahi.
Ngā Tauira Pātai mō te Catabolism
1. Pātai 3: Te Manawa Pūtau
Whakamāramahia te mahi a te manawa pūtau hei tauira o te tukanga catabolic, me te whakarārangi i ngā wāhanga e whai wāhi ana ki te manawa pūtau aerobic.
Kōrero:
He tukanga whakapūngao te manawa pūtau e wawahi ana i te hukahuka hei pūngao i roto i te ahua o te ATP, te wai, me te hauhā waro. E toru ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei tukanga: te glycolysis, te huringa waikawa citric (huringa Krebs), me te mekameka kawe irahiko.
– Ka puta te glycolysis i roto i te cytoplasm ka huri i te glucose hei pyruvate, ka puta ai ngā ngota ATP e 2 me ngā ngota NADH e 2.
– Ka puta te huringa Krebs i roto i te mitochondria, ka hurihia te pyruvate ki te acetyl-CoA, kātahi ka uru atu ki te huringa Krebs. Ka puta i ia huringa te 1 ATP, te 3 NADH, me te 1 FADH2.
– Ka whakamahia e te mekameka kawe irahiko i roto i te kiriuhi mitochondrial te NADH me te FADH2 hei whakaputa pūngao mō te hanganga ATP mā te phosphorylation oxidative. Ka whakamahia te hāora hei kaiwhiwhi irahiko whakamutunga, ka hanga he wai.
2. Pātai 4: Te Whakapūkara
He aha te whakapūkara, ā, he aha te rerekētanga mai i te manawa pūtau e pā ana ki ngā tukanga catabolic?
Kōrero:
He tukanga whakapūngao anaerobic te whakapūngao e puta ana ina kore e wātea te hāora. I roto i te whakapūngao, ka haere tonu te whakaputanga o te glycolysis i te iti o te ATP, engari kāore te waikawa pyruvic e uru ki te huringa Krebs. Engari, ka hurihia e te whakapūngao te pyruvate ki ētahi atu hua, pērā i te etanoru, te waikawa lactic rānei, hei whakaora anō i te NAD+ e hiahiatia ana mō te haere tonu o te glycolysis. Ko te hua o tēnei he iti ake te hua pūngao ki te whakataurite ki te manawa pūtau aerobic.
Ngā Tauira Pātai e Whakakotahi ana i te Anabolism me te Catabolism
1. Pātai 5: Ngā Taunekeneke Pūmua i roto i te Tinana
Whakamāramahia me pēhea te pupuri a te tinana tangata i te taurite i waenga i te anabolism me te catabolism me te pānga o tēnei taurite kore ki te hauora.
Kōrero:
Ka whakarerekē tonu te tinana tangata i te tere o te anabolism me te catabolism kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te pūngao me ngā rauemi hanga o ngā pūtau. Ko ngā homoni pēnei i te insulin me te homoni tipu ka whakaoho i te anabolism, ko ngā homoni pēnei i te glucagon, te adrenaline, me te cortisol ka whakaoho i te catabolism. He mea nui tēnei taurite mō te pupuri i te homeostasis.
Ka taea e te kore taurite i waenga i te anabolism me te catabolism te arahi ki ngā raruraru hauora maha. Hei tauira, ko te tere teitei ake o te catabolism i te anabolism ka arahi ki te pakaru nui o ngā kiko o te tinana, pērā i te uaua, ka arahi pea ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te ngoikore o te uaua. I tetahi atu taha, ki te nui ake te anabolism i te catabolism, ka puta te kohikohinga ngako o te tinana, ka arahi pea ki te momona.
Mā roto i ēnei tauira, ka taea te whakarei ake i te māramatanga ki te anabolism me te catabolism, i roto i ngā horopaki mātauranga me te oranga o ia rā. Mā te rangahau anō i te pākia o te tinana ka whakatuwhera i te ara mō ngā rangahau hauora me te kai hei āwhina i te aro atu ki ngā take hauora e pā ana ki te pākia o te tinana.
