Te Mahi a ngā Whākōkī: Te Huaki i ngā Mea Ngaro o ngā Whakakōkī Koiora
Ko ngā whākōkī he momo pūmua e mahi ana hei whakakorikori i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū koiora. Ki te kore he whākōkī, he maha ngā tauhohenga nui i roto i ngā mea ora ka puhoi rawa te puta, ā, kāore e taea te tautoko i te ora. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou te mahi a ngā whākōkī, mai i tō rātou hanganga ki ō rātou tikanga mahi, e āhei ai ngā tauhohenga koiora kia puta me te tino whai hua.
Hanganga me te Hanganga o te whākōkī
Ko ngā whākōkī he mea hanga tuatahi mai i ngā pūmua, arā, he pūhui o ngā waikawa amino. Pērā i ētahi atu pūmua, he hanganga motuhake ā ngā whākōkī e toru-ahu. E whā ngā taumata o tēnei hanganga: tuatahi, tuarua, tuatoru, me te whā-tau.
– Hanganga Tuatahi: He raupapatanga rārangi tēnei o ngā waikawa amino kua whakaritea i runga i tētahi tikanga motuhake i runga i te waehere ira.
– Hanganga Tuarua: Te hanganga o ngā tauira pēnei i ngā poroporo ārepa me ngā rau beta, e hangaia ana mā roto i ngā hononga hauwai i waenganui i ngā mekameka matua o ngā waikawa amino.
– Hanganga Tuatoru: Ko te āhua toru-ahu matatini ake, motuhake ake hoki o te pūmua, e āwhinahia ana e ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā mekameka taha waikawa amino.
– Hanganga Kuaternary: Ko ētahi pūmua he hanganga kuaternary, he matatini i hangaia i waenga i ngā polypeptides e rua, neke atu rānei.
He pae hohe anō hoki tō ngā whākōkī, he wāhi motuhake ka piri ai te matū (te ngota matū tauhohe i roto i te tauhohenga e whakakorikorihia ana e te whākōkī). He āhua motuhake tō tēnei pae me ngā āhuatanga matū e ōrite ana ki te matū, he rite tonu ki te urunga o te kī ki roto i te raka.
Te Tikanga Mahi a te Whākōkī
Ka mahi ngā whākōkī mā te whakaiti i te pūngao whakahohe e hiahiatia ana hei tīmata i tētahi tauhohenga matū. Me whai pūngao motuhake ia tauhohenga matū hei tīmatanga. I roto i ngā tukanga koiora, he nui rawa te pūngao nei, nō reira me whai whākōkī hei whakaiti. Anei ngā mahi whānui:
1. Te Herenga o te Papa: Ka herea te papa ki te pae hohe o te whākōkī, ka hanga he matatini whākōkī-papa. Ka taea e tēnei herenga te whakaputa i tētahi huringa āhua o te whākōkī e mōhiotia ana ko te "whakaurunga induced". Mā tēnei huringa ka pai ake te taunekeneke i waenga i te whākōkī me te papa.
2. Te Whakaiti i te Pūngao Whakahohe: I te herea o te matūriki, ka whakau te whākōkī i te āhua whakawhiti, he hanganga rangitahi i te roanga o te tauhohenga he nui rawa te pūngao. Ka whakaratohia e te whākōkī he ara rerekē me te pūngao whakahohe iti ake, ā, ka tere ake te tauhohenga.
3. Te Hanganga Hua: Whai muri i te tauhohenga, ka tautoko te whākōkī i te hurihanga o te papa hei hua. Kātahi ka tukuna e te whākōkī te hua, ā, kua rite ki te hopu i tētahi atu ngota papa.
Ngā Momo Whākōkī i runga i te Mahi
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā whākōkī e ai ki tā rātou mahi, ā, ko te nuinga ka taka ki roto i ngā whakarōpūtanga e whai ake nei:
– Oxidoreductase: Ka āwhina i ngā tauhohenga waikura-whakaiti, te whakawhiti irahiko i waenga i ngā ngota.
– Transferase: Ka whakawhiti i ngā rōpū mahi mai i tētahi ngota ki tētahi atu.
– Hydrolase: Ka motuhia ngā hononga ngota ngota mā te tāpiri wai.
– Lyasis: Te motu i ngā hononga mā roto i ētahi atu huarahi ehara i te waikura, i te waikura rānei, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hua ake he hononga takirua.
– Isomerase: Ka whakarerekē i te whakaritenga o ngā ngota i roto i ngā ngota.
– Ligase: Ka hono i ngā ngota e rua mā te hanga hononga matū hou, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ki te waikura ATP.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Mahi a te Whākōkī
Ka pāngia te mahi a ngā whākōkī e ngā āhuatanga taiao maha, tae atu ki:
– pH: He maha ngā whākōkī e whakaatu ana i te mahi tino pai i roto i tētahi awhe pH motuhake. Ka pāngia te hanganga o te whākōkī e ngā panonitanga o te pH, inā koa i te pae hohe.
– Pāmahana: Ka piki ake te mahi a te whākōkī i te pikinga o te pāmahana tae noa ki tētahi taumata, ā, i muri i tēnā ka pakaru te hanganga o te whākōkī (denaturation).
– Te Kukū o te Papatūānuku me te Whākōkī: Ka piki ake te mahi i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te papatūānuku kia herea rā anō te whākōkī katoa ki te papatūānuku. Ka taea te whakanui ake i te mahi whākōkī mā te whakanui ake i te nui o te whākōkī.
– Ngā Ārai me ngā Kaiwhakaoho: Ka taea e ētahi ngota te aukati, te whakarei ake rānei i te mahi whākōkī. Ka taea tēnei te whakataetae, te kore whakataetae, me te allosteric.
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Whākōkī i te Oranga o Ia Rā
Kāore te whakamahinga o ngā whākōkī e herea noa ki ngā tukanga koiora i roto i te tinana engari ka horapa atu hoki ki ngā ahumahi. Anei ētahi o ā rātou whakamahinga:
– Ahumahi Kai me te Inu: Ka whakamahia ngā whākōkī pēnei i te amylase, te protease, me te lipase i roto i te tukatuka kai me te inu hei tere ake i te tukanga me te whakapai ake i te reka me te kakano.
– Hangarau Koiora me te Rongoā: I roto i te hangarau koiora, ka whakamahia ngā whākōkī mō ngā tikanga hangarau ira, i roto i te rongoā, ka whakamahia ngā whākōkī ki te hanga rongoā tae atu ki te kimi me te whakaputa i ngā pūhui koiora.
– Ngā Hua Horoi: He maha ngā hopi horoi me ngā hopi e whakamahi ana i ngā whākōkī hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te horoi, inā koa hei wawahi i ngā pūmua, ngā ngako, me ngā warowaihā i roto i ngā paru.
Whakamutunga
He tino whai hua, he motuhake hoki ngā whākōkī e tere ake ai ngā tauhohenga matū. Mā roto i ō rātou hanganga ahurei me ngā tikanga mahi matatini, ka whakaitihia e ngā whākōkī te kaha whakahohe, ka taea ai ngā tauhohenga koiora maha te puta i raro i ngā āhuatanga e pai ana mō te ora. Mā te mārama ki te mahi a ngā whākōkī, ka taea e tātou te maioha me te whakamahi i ō rātou pūmanawa mō te whakatairanga i te pūtaiao me te hangarau. Mā te mārama hohonu ake ki ngā whākōkī, inā koa i roto i te hauora me te ahumahi, ka huaki te kuaha ki te auahatanga nui ake i te heke mai.
