Ngā Hanganga Tinana mō te Whakawhiti me te Kawe i ngā Matū
He tukanga nui te whakawhiti me te kawe i ngā matū i roto i ngā rauropi ora, e āhei ai ngā pūtau ki te whiwhi matūkai me te hāora, me te whakakore i ngā para. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga ngā pūnaha uaua me te taunga pai, mai i ngā pūtau ki ngā kiko me ngā whekau ki ngā pūnaha whekau katoa. Ka tūhuratia hōhonu e tēnei tuhinga ngā hanganga tinana e uru ana ki te whakawhiti me te kawe i ngā matū.
1. Pūnaha Tohanga Otaota
a. Ngākau
Ko te ngākau te okana matua o te pūnaha tohanga toto, e mahi ana hei papu hei whakarite kia rere te toto puta noa i te tinana. E whā ngā rūma matua o te ngākau—e rua ngā atria me ngā ventricles—he mahi nui tā te ngākau ki te pupuhi i te toto whai hāora mai i ngā pukahukahu ki te toenga o te tinana mā te ventricle maui, me te toto whai waro hauhā mai i te toenga o te tinana ki ngā pukahukahu hei tuku mā te ventricle matau.
b. Ngā uaua toto
Ko ngā uaua toto he uaua toto, he uaua toto, me ngā kapiti. Ka haria e ngā uaua toto te toto whai rawa i te hāora mai i te ngākau puta noa i te tinana, ko ngā uaua toto ia ka whakahokia te toto whai rawa i te hauhā waro mai i te tinana ki te ngākau. Ko ngā kapiti he uaua toto iti nei te wāhi e puta ai te whakawhitiwhiti matū i waenga i te toto me ngā pūtau o te tinana mā te horapa. Mā ngā pakitara angiangi rawa o ngā kapiti ka taea te neke ngāwari i ngā matūkai, te hāora toto, me ngā hua para.
toto
Ko te toto te waka kawe matua o te tinana mō ngā matū. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā toto whero, e kawe ana i te hāora; ngā toto mā, e tiaki ana i te tinana; ngā pereti toto, e āwhina ana ki te toto toto; me te parāuma, kei roto ngā matūkai, ngā homoni, me ngā matū pākia. Ka herea te hemoglobin i roto i ngā toto whero ki te hāora i roto i ngā pukahukahu, ka tukuna ki ngā kiko e hiahiatia ana.
2. Pūnaha Manawa
a. Ngā pūkahukahu
Ko ngā pūkahukahu ngā okana matua o te whakawhiti hau. Ko te hau e tomo ana mā te ara manawa ka tae ki ngā alveoli, arā, ngā pēke hau ririki i roto i ngā pūkahukahu, te wāhi e whakawhitihia ai te hāora mai i te hau ki te toto, ā, ka tukuna te hauhā waro mai i te toto ki te hau hei pana atu i te tinana.
b. Te Trachea me te Bronchus
Ko te trachea te ara manawa matua e wehea ana kia rua ngā bronchi e anga atu ana ki ia pukahukahu. E tiakina ana tēnei hanganga e ngā mowhiti kiriuhi hei ārai i te whaiti o te ara manawa i te wā e manawa ana. Ka peka te bronchi ki ngā bronchioles iti ake, ā, ka mutu ki ngā alveoli.
c. Te Tikanga Manawa
Ka puta te whakapūngao manawa i roto i te pūkahukahu nā te rerekētanga o te pēhanga i waenganui i te āhuarangi me te kōhao pleural e karapoti ana i ngā pūkahukahu. He mahi nui tā te diaphragm me ngā uaua intercostal ki te waihanga i tēnei rerekētanga pēhanga. Ina kuiti te diaphragm, ka whānui te kōhao uma, ka whakaiti i te pēhanga, ka kukume i te hau ki roto i ngā pūkahukahu. Mā te whakangā o te diaphragm ka whakanui ake i te pēhanga i roto i te kōhao uma, ka panaia te hau ki waho o ngā pūkahukahu.
3. Pūnaha Nakunaku
a. Waha me te Esophagus
Ka tīmata te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ina uru te kai ki te waha, ka ngaungauhia, ka konatunatua ki ngā whākōkī nakunaku i roto i te huware, i mua i te nekenga mā te korokoro ki te puku.
b. Puku me te Whekau Iti
I roto i te puku, ka wahia te kai mā te matū me te miihini hei chyme, kātahi ka tukuna ki te whekau iti. Ko te whekau iti te wāhi matua o te mimiti matūkai ki roto i te toto. Ka whakanuia e ngā villi me ngā microvilli i runga i te pakitara whekau te horahanga o te mata, ka whakanuia te mimiti matūkai.
c. Pūnaha Tohanga o te Kūaha Ati
I muri i te mimiti ki roto i te whekau iti, ka rere te toto whai matūkai ki te ate mā roto i te uaua tomokanga ate. Ko te ate te pokapū pākia o ngā matūkai, e tukatuka ana i ngā matūkai i mua i te kawe puta noa i te tinana.
4. Pūnaha Whakaputa Para
a. Ngā whatukuhu
Ka tātarihia te toto e ngā whatukuhu hei whakaputa mimi, hei tango i ngā para pākia, hei pupuri hoki i te taurite o te wai me te electrolyte. Kei roto i ia whatukuhu tata ki te miriona nephrons, arā, ngā wae tātari moroiti e tango ana i ngā para me te whakahaere i ngā kukū katote i roto i te toto.
b. Te Ureter, te Pūngāwerewere, me te Urethra
Ka rere te mimi e whakaputaina ana e ngā whatukuhu mā roto i ngā ureter ki te pūkahukahu hei rokiroki mō te wā poto, i mua i te puta atu i te tinana mā te urethra.
c. Pūnaha Lymphatic
Ka āwhina i te kawe i te wai nui o te kiko ki roto i te toto, ā, he mea nui anō hoki ki te pūnaha ārai mate mā te whakahaere i te kawe o ngā pūtau ārai mate ki ngā kiko kua pangia.
5. Te Whakawhiti me te Kawe i te Taumata Pūtau
He kiriuhi haurua-whakauru kei ia pūtau o te tinana, e āhei ai ētahi matū ki te tomo, ki te puta rānei mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te horapa, te osmosis, me te kawe hohe. Ka horapa ngā matūkai me ngā ngota iti pēnei i te hau mā te horapa kore mahi, ko ngā ngota nui ake, ngā ngota porotaka rānei ka whakamahi i ngā pūmua kiriuhi hei kaiāwhina.
a. Te horapa me te osmosis
Ka horapa te hāora me te hauhā waro puta noa i ngā kiriuhi pūtau e ai ki te pikinga kukū. Ko te osmosis he momo horapa motuhake e uru ana ki te nekehanga o te wai puta noa i te kiriuhi haurua-pūwero.
b. Te Kawenga Kaha
Kei roto ko te whakamahinga o te pūngao (ATP) hei kawe i ngā ngota ngota ki te rerekētanga kukū. He mea nui mō te mimiti i te hukahuka me ngā katote i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, me te pupuri i te taurite o te irahiko me te pH i roto i te tinana.
Whakamutunga
He whatunga matatini te hanganga o te tinana mō te whakawhiti me te kawe i ngā matū e pupuri ana i te homeostasis, he mea nui mō te oranga tonutanga o ngā mea ora. Mai i te mahi a te ngākau me ngā pukahukahu ki te pūnaha nakunaku, tae noa ki ngā whatukuhu, ka whai wāhi ia okana me ia pūnaha ki te pupuri i te ora mā te taurite o ngā matū me te pūngao. Mā te mārama ki te mahi me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ēnei okana ka hohonu ake te māramatanga ki te hiranga o te whanaungatanga o ngā wāhanga o te tinana ki te pupuri i te oranga hauora.
