Imithi Yokugoma: Abavikeli Bezempilo Bomhlaba Wonke
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umhlaba ubone ukwanda okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekusatshalalisweni kwemithi yokugoma, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomhlaba wonke kanye nokusindisa izigidi zezimpilo minyaka yonke. Lesi sihloko sizohlola incazelo yomuthi wokugoma, umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwawo, ukuthi usebenza kanjani, kanye nemiphumela emihle kanye nezimpikiswano eziye zalandela.
Incazelo kanye Nendlela Imithi Yokugoma Esebenza Ngayo
Imijovo iyizinto eziphilayo ezenzelwe ukunikeza ukuzivikela esifweni esithile. Ngokuvamile iqukethe into efana ne-microorganism ebangela lesi sifo, ngokuvamile ngesimo segciwane elibuthakathaka noma elingasebenzi noma i-bacterium, noma iphrotheni eguquliwe noma ingxenye ye-pathogen. Uma ifakwa emzimbeni, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela siyayibona njengosongo, sikhiqiza ama-antibodies namaseli enkumbulo ahlinzeka ngokuzivikela okusheshayo ekuhlaselweni kwesikhathi esizayo yi-pathogen efanayo.
Imijovo isebenza ngokuvuselela amasosha omzimba ukuze aqaphele futhi alwe namagciwane ngaphandle kokuba umuntu abhekane nalesi sifo. Le nqubo incike ohlelweni lokuzivikela oluzivumelanisa nezimo, olunesibopho sezindlela zokuzivikela ngemva kokuchayeka kokuqala kugciwane. Uma selivuliwe, umzimba ukhumbula ukuthi ungalwa kanjani nokutheleleka esikhathini esizayo, unikeze isivikelo sesikhathi eside.
Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwemijovo Yokugoma
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kokugoma okurekhodiwe kwakuseShayina naseNdiya eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule ngokusebenzisa umkhuba 'wokuguquguquka,' lapho izinto ezivela ohlotsheni oluthambile lwe-smallpox zathathwa zanikwa abantu abaphilile ukuze banikeze amasosha omzimba. Kodwa-ke, ukugoma kuthiwa kwenziwa ngu-Edward Jenner ngo-1796. Esebenzisa izinto ezivela ezinkomeni ezinegciwane le-cowpox, uJenner wakwazi ukunikeza isivikelo ngokumelene ne-smallpox kubantu. Ukuthola kwakhe kwabonakala njengentuthuko enkulu kwezokwelapha futhi kwavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokugoma yesimanje.
Ekhulwini le-19 nelama-20, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokugoma kwathuthuka ngokushesha. ULouis Pasteur, esebenzisa isimiso 'sokunciphisa' - ukuvimbela amagciwane asetshenziswa emithini yokugoma - wasungula umuthi wokugoma wamarabi. Kamuva, amaphayona anjengoJonas Salk no-Albert Sabin asungula umuthi wokugoma wepoliyo, osuqede kakhulu ukusabalala kwepoliyo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukubaluleka kanye Nomphumela Wemijovo Yokugoma
Imithi yokugoma ishintshe impilo yomphakathi. Izifo ezazike zabangela ukwesaba nokufa kwabantu abaningi, njenge-smallpox kanye ne-polio, manje sezicishe zaqedwa ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. I-Smallpox yayingenye yezibonelo zokuqala zokugoma okuphumelelayo okwaholela ekuqedweni ngokuphelele kwezifo, lapho i-World Health Organization yamemezela ukuthi umhlaba wonke awunayo i-smallpox ngo-1980.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imijovo idlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yezingane. Ngokuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo njenge-measles, i-rubella, kanye ne-diphtheria, imijovo yehlisa kakhulu amazinga okufa kwezinsana nezingane. Izinhlelo eziningi zokugoma zomhlaba wonke ezisekelwa yizinhlangano ezifana ne-WHO kanye ne-UNICEF ziguqule impilo kanye nokuzinza kwezinye zezindawo ezisengozini enkulu emhlabeni, zibonise imiphumela emihle ekunciphiseni ukufa kwezingane emhlabeni jikelele.
Impikiswano kanye Nezinselele
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezimangalisayo, imithi yokugoma ibhekana nezimpikiswano nezinselele. Ukungathembi umphakathi, ulwazi olungelona iqiniso, kanye nezinselele zezokuthutha kuvame ukuphazamisa imikhankaso yokugoma. Nakuba ucwaningo lwesayensi oluningi kanye nedatha yezempilo yomphakathi kusekela ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwemijovo, ukunyakaza okulwa nokugoma kuye kwanda ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Lezi zinyathelo zivame ukusekelwe ekwesabeni kanye nemibono eyiphutha mayelana nemiphumela emibi engaba khona, kanye nokungabaza izikhungo zezokwelapha nezemithi.
Icala elibi kakhulu ucwaningo oluthi luhlobene phakathi komjovo we-MMR (mumps, measles, kanye ne-rubella) kanye ne-autism. Lokhu kamuva kwafakazelwa ukuthi kungamanga kodwa kube nomthelela ohlala isikhathi eside ekwethembeni komphakathi ngemijovo. Lo mbono ongalungile uye wavuselela ukuvela kwezifo ezazilawulwa ngaphambilini, njenge-measles, okwandisa izingozi zempilo yomphakathi.
Indima Yemijovo Yesikhathi Esizayo
Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokugoma emisha kuye kwashesha. Ubuchwepheshe be-mRNA obusetshenziswa emithini yokugoma ye-Pfizer-BioNTech kanye ne-Moderna bunikeza isisekelo esisha sokuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokugoma yesikhathi esizayo okusheshayo nokuguquguqukayo. Le ndlela yezakhi zofuzo ivumela iziphathimandla zezempilo ukuthi zisabele ngokushesha ekuqubukeni okusha kwezempilo emhlabeni jikelele.
Amagciwane kanye nezinambuzane ezincane zizoqhubeka nokukhula, kanye nezinselele ezibhekene nazo. Ngakho-ke, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kubuchwepheshe bokugoma kubalulekile. Kuhambisana nokubambisana komhlaba wonke kanye nokuzibophezela emfundweni yezempilo yomphakathi, ukugoma kuzoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni impilo yomhlaba wonke.
Isiphetho
Sisebenzisa izifundo zesikhathi esidlule, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ulwazi lwezempilo kanye nokwethenjwa kwemijovo. Ukusekelwa kukahulumeni, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo, kanye nokuqonda ukuguquguquka komphakathi kokugoma kumele kuhambisane ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yezinhlelo zokugoma zomhlaba wonke. Imijovo, njengamathuluzi ezempilo asebenzayo futhi asebenzayo, ihlala iyinsika ebalulekile emizamweni yokunciphisa izifo ezithelelanayo nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi iyonke. Ngendlela enolwazi nokubambisana kakhudlwana, singabhekana kangcono nezinselele zezempilo zesikhathi esizayo.
