Isiteji seMegalopolis
I-Megalopolis yigama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza indawo enkulu kakhulu yedolobha eyakhiwe ukuhlanganiswa kwamadolobha amakhulu amaningana nezindawo zawo zasemadolobheni. Umqondo we-megalopolis uchaza intuthuko yamadolobha angagcini nje ngokukhula nokuthuthuka kodwa futhi ahlangana ukuze akhe indawo enkulu yasemadolobheni. Lesi sihloko sizongena ngokujulile ezigabeni ze-megalopolis, izici zayo, izibonelo zomhlaba wangempela, kanye nemiphumela yayo.
Umlando kanye Nomqondo Wedolobha Elikhulu
Igama elithi "megalopolis" laqanjwa yisazi sendawo uJean Gottmann encwadini yakhe yango-1961, eyayichaza umzila wasemadolobheni osuka eBoston uye eWashington, D.C., e-United States. Lo mzila waziwa ngokuthi "iBosWash" futhi waba yisibonelo sokuqala somqondo we-megalopolis. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo mqondo ushintshile futhi wasetshenziswa ukuchaza ezinye izindawo eziningi ezinkulu zasemadolobheni emhlabeni jikelele.
Amadolobha amakhulu awaveli ngobusuku obubodwa; ayinqubo ende ehilela ukukhula kwamadolobha okusheshayo , ukukhula kwabantu, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda okunamandla. Amadolobha aqala ukuxhumana ngezokuthutha kanye namanethiwekhi ezomnotho, akha inhlangano eyodwa, exhumene yasemadolobheni.
Izigaba Zokuthuthukiswa KweMegalopolis
1. Ukufuduka Kwamadolobha Okujulile
Isigaba sokuqala endleleni eya edolobheni elikhulu ukukhula kwamadolobha , lapho amadolobha eba khona ukukhula okusheshayo kwabantu kanye nomnotho. La madolobha aqala ukwandisa imingcele yawo, kanti izindawo zasemadolobheni ziyathuthuka ngenxa yesidingo sezindlu kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi okhulayo.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezomnotho
Amadolobha akhula aqala ukwakha ubudlelwano obuseduze kwezomnotho. Izimoto zezentengiselwano phakathi kwamadolobha zanda, futhi kwakhiwa ingqalasizinda efana nemigwaqo ekhokhelwayo, izitimela, kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza ukuze kusekelwe lokhu kukhula. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadolobha kwandisa ukugeleza kwezimpahla, izinsizakalo, kanye nabasebenzi, okuqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwengqalasizinda
Ingqalasizinda eyanele iyinsika yanoma yiliphi idolobha elikhulu. Ohulumeni nabathuthukisi abazimele sebeqala ukutshala imali eningi ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda, okuhlanganisa imigwaqo, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, kanye namanethiwekhi okuxhumana. Iziphathimandla zesifunda nezendawo zivumelanisa izinqubomgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingqalasizinda ingasebenzela umphakathi okhulayo kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho.
4. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezenhlalo Namasiko
Ngokukhula komnotho kanye nokuxhumana ngokomzimba, abantu abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene baqala ukuxubana kakhulu. Imiphakathi enamasiko nezindlela zokuphila ezahlukene yahlangana futhi yakha ubuwena obusha besifunda. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, kwavela izikhungo zamasiko , zemfundo, kanye nezokungcebeleka ezazikhonza umphakathi kabanzi.
5. Ukuqwashisa Ngezemvelo Nokuhlela Okusimeme
Imiphumela emibi yokusabalala kwamadolobha amakhulu isiqala ukuzwakala, njengokuminyana, ukungcola, nezinye izinkinga zemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kokuhlela okusimeme kuyakhula. Amadolobha asemadolobheni amakhulu aqala ukuhlanganisa imizamo yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwezakhamuzi zawo ngenkathi enciphisa imiphumela emibi emvelweni.
Izibonelo Zezindawo Ezinkulu Emhlabeni
Ngaphandle kweBosWash e-United States, kunezibonelo eziningana zezindawo ezinkulu ezidumile emhlabeni jikelele:
– Tokyo-Yokohama (Japonesia)
Le ndawo yaziwa njengenye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zamadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni, enabantu abafinyelela emashumini ezigidi. Ingqalasizinda yayo iyamangalisa, inesistimu yezokuthutha yomphakathi esebenza kahle kakhulu exhumanisa amadolobha azungezile.
– I-Pearl River Delta (i-PRD), eShayina
Lesi sifunda sihlanganisa amadolobha amakhulu njengeGuangzhou, iShenzhen, neHong Kong. I-PRD yaziwa njengendawo yokukhiqiza kanye nesikhungo sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Umsebenzi wayo wezomnotho ophilayo wenza kube ngesinye sezifunda ezishintshashintsha kakhulu emhlabeni.
– Ibhanana Eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eYurophu
Kuyindawo yasemadolobheni esukela eNgilandi kuya eNyakatho ye-Italy, okuhlanganisa amadolobha afana neLondon, i-Amsterdam, iFrankfurt, neMilan. Lesi sifunda sidlala indima ebalulekile kwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki zaseYurophu.
Umthelela weMegalopolis
Umthelela omuhle
– Ukukhula Komnotho: Amadolobha amakhulu akhuthaza ukukhula komnotho okusheshayo ngenxa yokugcwala kwabantu namabhizinisi amaningi. Lokhu kudala imisebenzi futhi kuphakamise izinga lokuphila.
– Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Nokusungula Izinto: Ukuqoqwa kwabantu, ikakhulukazi labo abasebenza emkhakheni wezimboni zokudala, kwenza kube lula ukusungula izinto ezintsha nokubambisana.
– Ingqalasizinda Ethuthukisiwe: Ukuba khona kwengqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe kakhulu kwenza ukuhamba kube lula futhi kusebenze kahle.
Umthelela omubi
– Ukuminyana Kwezimoto Nokungcola: Njengoba kunabantu abaningi, ukuminyana kwezimoto nokungcola komoya kuyizinkinga ezinkulu.
– Ukungalingani Komphakathi: Kukhona igebe phakathi kwamaqembu ezomnotho, okubangela izinkinga zomphakathi njengobumpofu basemadolobheni kanye nokuntuleka kokufinyelela izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo kwabanye abantu.
– Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo: Ukusabalala kwamadolobha amakhulu kanye nezimboni ezinkulu kungaholela ekungcolisweni komoya, amanzi kanye nomhlabathi. Lokhu kudinga izinqubomgomo zemvelo ezisebenzayo kanye nemizamo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Isiphetho
Imizi emikhulu iyinto yasemadolobheni ekhula kanye nokukhula kwamadolobha emhlabeni jikelele. Nakuba inikeza amathuba amakhulu kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo, imizi emikhulu idinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezihlukile. Abenzi benqubomgomo kanye nabahleli basemadolobheni kudingeka bathathe indlela ehlanganisayo neqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi ntuthuko ziyathuthukiswa ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi yokuphila kanye nemvelo. Ngakho-ke, isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwemizi emikhulu kumele senziwe ngokuhlela nokusetshenziswa ngokucophelela, kulinganiswa izidingo zentuthuko nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
