I-Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum: Incazelo Ejulile
Amagagasi kagesi ayisici esiyisisekelo ku-physics, ukuba khona kwawo nokusetshenziswa kwawo kufinyelela ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwanamuhla. Kusukela kumasignali omsakazo esiwazwa nsuku zonke kuya kuma-X-ray asiza ekuxilongeni izifo, i-electromagnetic spectrum idlala indima ebalulekile. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo we-electromagnetic spectrum, kusukela encazelweni yawo eyisisekelo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwawo okusebenzayo emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene.
Ukuqonda Amagagasi E-Electromagnetic
Amagagasi kagesi angamagagasi athwala amandla kagesi futhi angasakazeka nge-vacuum. Lawa magagasi achazwa yizingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: insimu kagesi kanye nensimu yamagnetic, enyakazayo futhi ihambe ngokuqondene nomunye nomunye kanye nesiqondiso sokusakazeka kwamagagasi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma insimu kagesi inyakaza phezulu naphansi, insimu yamagnetic izonyakaza kwesobunxele nakwesokudla, kuyilapho igagasi ngokwalo liqhubekela phambili.
I-Spectrum ye-Electromagnetic
I-electromagnetic spectrum ibhekisela ebangeni lawo wonke amaza kagesi akhona, ahlukaniswe ngobude bawo noma imvamisa. Ubude bamaza buyibanga eliphakathi kwama-wave crests amabili alandelanayo, kuyilapho imvamisa iyinani lemijikelezo yamaza edlula iphuzu elinikeziwe ngeyunithi yesikhathi.
Okulandelayo ukulandelana kwe-spectrum ye-electromagnetic kusukela kubude obude kakhulu kuya kubude obufushane kakhulu:
1. Amaza Omsakazo
2. Ama-microwave
3. Imisebe ye-Infrared
4. Ukukhanya Okubonakalayo
5. Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet
6. Ama-X-ray
7. Imisebe yeGamma
I-Gelombang Radio
Amagagasi omsakazo anezinga lobude obude kakhulu ku-spectrum ye-electromagnetic, kusukela kumasentimitha ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni zamamitha. Amaza omsakazo asukela kuma-kilohertz ambalwa (kHz) kuya kuma-gigahertz (GHz). Lawa magagasi asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokuxhumana, kufaka phakathi umsakazo we-AM kanye ne-FM, ithelevishini, kanye nezimpawu zocingo. Nakuba esetshenziswa kakhulu ekudluliseni ulwazi, amagagasi omsakazo nawo asetshenziswa kwezezinkanyezi ukutadisha izinto zasezulwini.
Ama-microwave
Ama-microwave anama-wavelength aphakathi kwemilimitha eyodwa nemitha eyodwa, kanye namaza asukela ku-300 MHz kuya ku-300 GHz. Lawa maza asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa i-radar, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi, kanye nama-oven e-microwave. Endabeni yama-oven e-microwave, ama-microwave asebenza ngokudlidliza ama-molecule amanzi ekudleni, akhiqize ukushisa.
Imisebe ye-Infrared
Ukukhanya kwe-infrared kune-wavelength esukela kuma-nanometer angu-700 (nm) kuya kuma-millimeter angu-1 (mm). Imvamisa yokukhanya kwe-infrared isukela kuma-300 GHz kuya kuma-400 THz. Lokhu kukhanya kwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi imisebe yokushisa, njengoba izinto eziningi ezishisayo zikhipha ukukhanya kwe-infrared. Izicelo ezisebenzayo zifaka phakathi izilawuli ezikude, amakhamera okushisa, kanye nokwelashwa kwezokwelapha.
Ukukhanya Okubonakalayo
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo yingxenye ye-electromagnetic spectrum ebonakala esweni lomuntu. Amaza ayo asukela ku-380 nm kuya ku-750 nm, kanye namaza aphakathi kuka-400 THz no-790 THz. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kuqukethe imibala ehlukahlukene kusukela ku-violet (ekhanya kakhulu) kuya kubomvu (amaza amade kakhulu). Iso lomuntu lizwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni kulolu hlu, okusivumela ukuthi sibone umhlaba osizungezile.
Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet
Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kunamaza okukhanya asukela ku-10 nm kuya ku-400 nm kanye namaza asukela ku-7.5 x 10^14 Hz kuya ku-3 x 10^16 Hz. Nakuba ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) kunezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa, okuhlanganisa ukubulala amagciwane, ukuphrinta kwe-fluorescent, kanye nokwelashwa kwesikhumba, ukuchayeka kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwe-UV kungabangela ukulimala kwesikhumba namehlo.
I-X-ray
Ama-X-ray ane-wavelength ephakathi kuka-0.01 nm no-10 nm, kanye namaza asukela cishe ku-10^16 Hz kuya ku-10^19 Hz. Le misebe inamandla aphezulu kanye namandla angavamile okungena, okwenza ibe usizo kakhulu ekuthathweni kwezithombe zezokwelapha kanye nokuphepha kwezindiza. Ama-X-ray angangena ezicutshini zomzimba, okuvumela odokotela ukuba babone izakhiwo zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa.
Imisebe ye-gamma
Imisebe ye-gamma inobude obufushane kakhulu kanye namandla aphezulu kakhulu ku-spectrum ye-electromagnetic, enama-wavelength angaphansi kuka-0.01 nm kanye nama-frequency angaphezu kuka-10^19 Hz. Imisebe ye-gamma ikhiqizwa yizinqubo zenuzi kanye nokusabela kwe-stellar fusion. Kwezokwelapha, imisebe ye-gamma isetshenziswa ekwelapheni umdlavuza ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo kanye Nethiyori
Ithiyori ye-electromagnetic yaqalwa uJames Clerk Maxwell ngekhulu le-19, echaza indlela amasimu kagesi namagnetic ahlangana futhi aguquguquka ngayo ukuze akhiqize amaza kagesi. UMaxwell wasungula uchungechunge lwezibalo ezihlukanisayo ezingaphelele, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-Equations kaMaxwell, ukuchaza lesi simo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwamagagasi E-Electromagnetic
I-electromagnetic spectrum inokusetshenziswa okubanzi, okuhlanganisa izici ezahlukene zokuphila kanye nobuchwepheshe. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zezinhlelo zayo zokusebenza:
1. Ukuxhumana: Amagagasi omsakazo nama-microwave asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuxhumaneni okungenantambo njengomsakazo, ithelevishini, kanye nezimpawu zocingo.
2. Ezokwelapha: Imisebe ye-X kanye nemisebe ye-gamma isetshenziswa ekuthathweni kwezithombe zezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe.
3. Imboni: Ama-microwave asetshenziswa ekucubunguleni ukudla kanye nase-radar.
4. I-Astronomy: Amagagasi omsakazo, imisebe ye-infrared, kanye ne-X-ray kusetshenziswa ukutadisha indawo yonke.
5. Impilo Nokuphepha: Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet isetshenziswa ekubulaleni amagciwane, kuyilapho imisebe ye-X isetshenziswa ekuphepheni kwezindiza.
Isiphetho
I-electromagnetic spectrum ingumqondo oyisisekelo ku-physics onezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo ezibalulekile nezihlukahlukene empilweni yansuku zonke. Kusukela kumaza omsakazo avumela ukuxhumana okude kuya emisebeni ye-gamma esiza ekwelapheni umdlavuza, ukuqonda i-electromagnetic spectrum kuvumela ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe obuguqula indlela esiphila ngayo. Ezweni lanamuhla elixhomeke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqonda nokusebenzisa izimiso ze-electromagnetic spectrum akugcini nje ngokufanele ososayensi nonjiniyela kodwa futhi kubalulekile emphakathini jikelele.
