Ithebula Lezinto Ezinezinkathi: Isisekelo Sekhemistri Yanamuhla
Ithebula lezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside, elaziwa nangokuthi uhlelo lwe-periodic, liwuchungechunge lwezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside ezihlelwe ngokwenombolo yazo ye-athomu, ukucushwa kwama-electron, kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali. Lolu hlelo luyithuluzi elibalulekile kumakhemikhali kanye nesayensi ehlobene, njengoba lunikeza indlela ehlelekile yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngomlando, isakhiwo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwethebula lezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Umlando weThebula Lezinto Ezivamile
Umlando wethebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside waqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho ososayensi beqala ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izakhi zinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo. Omunye wabasunguli abakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwethebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside kwakunguDmitri Mendeleev, isazi semithi saseRussia. Ngo-1869, uMendeleev wahlela izakhi ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi etafuleni ngokusekelwe ezisindweni zazo ze-athomu kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali. Okwakuphawuleka ngethebula likaMendeleev kwakuyikhono lalo lokubikezela ukuba khona kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezazingakatholakali. Isibonelo, washiya izikhala zezinto ezifana ne-germanium, i-gallium, ne-scandium, ezatholakala kamuva futhi zahambisana kahle nezibikezelo zakhe.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intuthuko kwi-athomu physics yavumela ithebula le-periodic ukuthi lihlelwe kabusha ngokusekelwe enombolweni ye-athomu (inani lama-proton ku-nucleus), umqondo owasungulwa nguHenry Moseley ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lokhu kuhlelwa kubonisa ngokunembile izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezinto, kubhekana nokungafani okuthile etafuleni likaMendeleev, njengokubekwa kwama-isotopes kanye ne-argon-canon.
Isakhiwo Sethebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile
Ithebula le-periodic lamanje liqukethe imigqa namakholomu ahlela izakhi ngokwezakhiwo zazo eziyisisekelo. Imigqa ibizwa ngokuthi ama-period, kanti amakholomu abizwa ngokuthi amaqembu noma imindeni.
1. Isikhathi:
Umugqa ngamunye ovundlile kuthebula le-periodic umelela isikhathi. Inombolo yesikhathi ikhombisa inani lezingqimba zama-electron ama-athomu ento anazo esimweni sawo somhlabathi. Kunezinkathi eziyisikhombisa kuthebula le-periodic lanamuhla. Izinto ngaphakathi kwenkathi zinengqimba efanayo yama-electron, kodwa inani lama-electron kulolo ngqimba liyanda kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla.
2. Iqembu:
Amakholomu aqondile etafuleni le-periodic abizwa ngokuthi amaqembu. Izinto ezingaphakathi kweqembu zinokuma kwe-valence electron okufanayo, okusho ukuthi zinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-18 kuthebula le-periodic lanamuhla. Isibonelo, zonke izinto ezikuqembu 1 (izinsimbi ze-alkali) zisabela kakhulu futhi zine-valence electron eyodwa, kuyilapho izinto ezikuqembu 18 (amagesi amahle) zizinzile kakhulu futhi zinokuma kwe-electron okugcwele ngokuphelele.
Izinto Zokuguquka kanye ne-Lanthanides-Actinides
Ngaphezu kwezinto eziyinhloko, ithebula le-periodic liphinde libe nezinto zokuguquka kanye nama-lanthanide nama-actinide aboniswa emigqeni emibili ehlukene ngaphansi kwethebula eliyinhloko ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqhubeka kokumelwa kwejometri.
1. Izinto Zokuguquka:
Lezi zinto zitholakala ku-d-block yethebula le-periodic. Zihlukile ngoba zine-d-orbitals eziseduze nezinga lazo lamandla angaphandle, okuvumela izinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo zamakhemikhali.
2. Ama-Lanthanides nama-Actinides:
Leli qembu libekwe ngokwehlukana phansi kwetafula eliyinhloko ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwesikhala kodwa libalulekile ezinhlelweni eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Leli bhulokhi lezinto liqukethe izinto ze-f-block ezine-f-orbitals ezihlukile.
Ukusetshenziswa kweThebula Lezikhathi
Ithebula le-periodic liyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu nelisetshenziswa kabanzi kumakhemikhali kanye nesayensi yezinto zokwakha. Ezinye zezinzuzo eziyinhloko zaleli thebula yilezi:
1. Ukubikezela Okuphawulekayo:
Ngokuqonda izikhundla kanye nokuma kwama-electron, ososayensi bangabikezela izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zezinto ezingakaphenywa ngokugcwele.
2. Ukutholakala Kwezinto Ezintsha:
Amaphethini kuthebula le-periodic abonisa izindawo ezingaba khona zezinto ezintsha. Kuze kube manje, zonke izinto ezinezinombolo ze-athomu ezifika ku-118 zitholakale noma ziqinisekisiwe, futhi ukusesha izinto eziphakeme kuyaqhubeka.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinto Ezintsha:
Ulwazi lwethebula lezikhathi luvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezikhethekile zezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njenge-elekthronikhi, imithi kanye namandla.
4. Ubuchwepheshe Bezemfundo:
Emakilasini ekhemistri emhlabeni jikelele, ithebula le-periodic lisetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokufundisa eliyinhloko ukusiza abafundi baqonde imiqondo eyisisekelo yekhemistri ehlelekile.
Ikusasa Lethebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile
Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuhluzwa kwethebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside kuyingxenye yocwaningo oluqhubekayo. Ukutholakala kwezinto ezintsha kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali amasha kuyaqhubeka nokwengeza olwazini oluqoqwe kuleli thebula. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kumakhemikhali kanye nefiziksi, ikakhulukazi kumasu okuhlola kanye nokutholakala kwezinto ezisindayo, izimfanelo ezintsha zingase zengezwe etafuleni lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside esikhathini esizayo.
Isiphetho
Ithebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo aliyona nje ithebula noma uhlu lwezinto; liwumphumela womlando omude wokutholakala kwesayensi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwabantu. Ukusebenzisa izimiso zethebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo kusenza siqonde izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezinto ezakha indawo yonke. Ukwamukelwa kwethebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo emfundweni, ocwaningweni, kanye nasebuchwephesheni kuye kwalenza laba elinye lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yanamuhla. Njengoba ulwazi lwethu lwanda, nokuqonda kwethu ithebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo kuyakhula, okubonisa ukuguquguquka kanye nobunzima bekhemistri uqobo.
