Ifomula yesithunzi sento ngesibuko esiyindilinga esiqondile
I-Pengantar
Isibuko esiyindilinga esiyindilinga siyisibuko esinobuso obugobile ngaphandle, njengengaphandle lendilinga. Lolu hlobo lwesibuko lunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezicelo zansuku zonke, njengezibuko ezibukwa ngemuva kwemoto kanye nezibuko zokuphepha ezitolo. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngendlela isibuko esiyindilinga esiyindilinga esiyindilinga esisebenza ngayo, ifomula esetshenziswa ukunquma isithombe sento ekhiqizwe yilesi sibuko, kanye nezibonelo ezithile zokubala kanye nezicelo ezisebenzayo.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zezibuko Eziyindilinga Eziyindilinga Eziyindilinga
Isibuko esiyindilinga esijiyile sinophawu lokukhombisa ukukhanya ebusweni baso ngokwehlukana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imisebe yokukhanya eboniswa kulesi sibuko izosabalala ngaphandle. Kodwa-ke, uma sinweba imisebe eboniswayo emuva, izovela sengathi ivela endaweni eyodwa ebizwa ngokuthi indawo yokugxila (F) ngemuva kwesibuko. Le ndawo yokugxila yindawo lapho imisebe engenayo ibonakala ihlangana khona ngemva kokuboniswa yisibuko.
Izici zesithombe esakhiwe yisibuko esibonakalayo:
1. Isithombe esibonakalayo: Isithombe sakhiwe ngemuva kwesibuko futhi asikwazi ukuthwetshulwa esikrinini.
2. Isithombe esiqondile: Isithombe esiphumayo sihlala siqondile njengento yokuqala.
3. Isithombe esincishisiwe: Usayizi wesithombe mncane kunosayizi wangempela wento.
Ifomula Yesibuko Esiyi-Convex
Ifomula eyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya isithombe ngesibuko esiyindilinga esiqondile yifomula yesibuko, eshiwo kanje:
\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
Di mana:
– \( f \) ubude obuqondile besibuko (obungebuhle besibuko esiqondile).
– \( d_o \) ibanga lento esibukweni (lihle uma into iphambi kwesibuko).
– \( d_i \) ibanga lesithombe esibukweni (elibi ngesibuko esiqondile ngoba isithombe sakhiwe ngemuva kwesibuko).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sisebenzisa futhi ifomula yokukhulisa isithombe echazwe kanje:
\[ M = – \frac{d_i}{d_o} = \frac{h_i}{h_o} \]
Di mana:
– \( M \) ukukhulisa isithombe (okungekuhle kwesithombe esiqondile).
– \( h_i \) ukuphakama kwesithombe.
– \( h_o \) ukuphakama kwento.
Isibonelo Sokubala
Ake sibheke ezinye izibalo zezibonelo ukuze siqonde ukuthi singayisebenzisa kanjani ifomula yesibuko esijiyile.
Isibonelo 1: Ukunquma Ibanga Lethunzi
Ake sithi sinento ebekwe ngamasentimitha angu-30 phambi kwesibuko esijiyile esinobude obungamasentimitha angu-20. Sifuna ukuthola ibanga lesithombe esibukweni.
Ukusebenzisa ifomula yesibuko:
\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
\[ \frac{1}{-20} = \frac{1}{30} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
Izinyathelo zokubala:
1. Bala \( \frac{1}{30} \):
\[ \frac{1}{30} \cishe kube ngu-0.0333 \]
2. Faka la manani esikhundleni sale fomula:
\[ \frac{1}{-20} = 0.0333 + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
3. Ukuhlukaniswa \( \frac{1}{d_i} \):
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} = \frac{1}{-20} – 0.0333 \]
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} \cishe -0.05 – 0.0333 \]
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} \cishe -0.0833 \]
4. Thola \( d_i \):
\[ d_i \approx \frac{1}{-0.0833} \]
\[ d_i \cishe -12 \, \umbhalo{cm} \]
Ngakho-ke, isithombe sakhiwe ngamasentimitha angu-12 ngemuva kwesibuko (i-negative ikhombisa ukuthi isithombe singemuva kwesibuko).
Isibonelo 2: Ukunquma Ukuphakama Kwesithunzi
Uma ukuphakama kwento ( \( h_o \) ) kungu-10 cm futhi sesivele sazi ukuthi ibanga lesithombe ( \( d_i \) ) lingu- -12 cm kusukela esibonelweni sangaphambilini, singanquma ukuphakama kwesithombe sisebenzisa ifomula yokukhulisa.
Ukusebenzisa ifomula yokukhulisa:
\[ M = – \frac{d_i}{d_o} = \frac{h_i}{h_o} \]
\[ M = – \frac{-12}{30} \]
\[ M = 0.4 \]
Ngakho-ke, ukukhuliswa kungu-0.4. Okulandelayo, sibala ukuphakama kwesithombe:
\[ \frac{h_i}{h_o} = 0.4 \]
\[ h_i = 0.4 \izikhathi eziyi-10 \]
\[ h_i = 4 \, \umbhalo{cm} \]
Ukuphakama kwesithunzi kungu-4 cm, kuncane kunokuphakama kwento futhi kuqondile.
Izicelo Zesibuko Esiyi-Convex
Izibuko ezigoqekile zinezindlela eziningi ezisebenzayo ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezihlukile ezenza zibe usizo kakhulu ezimweni ezahlukahlukene:
1. Isibuko Sokubuka Imoto Emuva
Izibuko ezigobile zisetshenziswa ezibukweni ezingemuva kwemoto ukuze kunikezwe umbono obanzi wendawo engemuva kanye nasezinhlangothini zemoto. Lokhu kusiza abashayeli ukuthi babone okuningi ngendawo ebazungezile, kunciphisa izindawo ezingabonakali, futhi kuthuthukise ukuphepha kokushayela.
2. Isibuko Sokuqapha
Ezitolo nasezindaweni zomphakathi, izibuko ezijiyile zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezibuko zokuqapha ukuze kwandiswe insimu yokubuka. Lokhu kusiza ekuqapheni nasekuvimbeleni ukwebiwa ngokunikeza umbono ophelele wendawo ebanzi.
3. I-Periscope
Ama-Periscope asetshenziswa emikhunjini engaphansi komhlaba kanye nakwezinye izinsimbi zokukhanya avame ukusebenzisa izibuko eziqondile ukuze andise umbono womsebenzisi futhi amvumele ukuthi abone izinto ngale kombono oqondile.
4. Izinsimbi Zokubona
Ezinye izinsimbi zokubona ezifana nama-telescope nama-microscope zisebenzisa izibuko eziqondile ezinhlelweni zazo ukulungisa nokukhulisa isithombe sento.
Isiphetho
Izibuko eziyindilinga eziyindilinga ziyizinto ezibalulekile zokukhanya ezinezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo ezisebenzayo. Ukuqonda amafomula ayisisekelo asetshenziswa ukunquma isithombe esikhiqizwe yilezi zibuko kubalulekile emikhakheni eminingi, kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezimoto kuya ekuqapheni ukuphepha. Sisebenzisa ifomula yesibuko kanye nokukhulisa, singanquma indawo, usayizi, kanye nohlobo lwesithombe esikhiqizwe yisibuko esiyindilinga. Izakhiwo ezihlukile zalezi zibuko, njengekhono lazo lokunikeza insimu ebanzi yokubuka kanye nezithombe eziqondile, ezinciphile, zizenza zibe usizo kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezicelo zansuku zonke.
